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Question
According to B. F. Skinner, __________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and __________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior.A) punishment; reinforcement
B) reinforcement; punishment
C) modeling; reinforcement
D) punishment; imitation
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
When Mr. Bergman's wife died, his family members and friends dressed in black, attended a funeral, and participated in a burial service. Mr. Bergman covered all of the mirrors in his house with a black cloth. He was experiencing
A) bereavement.
B) grief.
C) mourning.
D) morbidity.
Q:
Doctors practicing in regions where assisted suicide is legal should make sure which of the following conditions is met before engaging in it?
A) The patient lives in an area with limited or no access to palliative care.
B) The patient's financial pressures are too great to continue a course of treatment.
C) Both the patient and a health-care proxy must give written consent for the practice.
D) The patient has full decision-making capacity and requests assisted suicide voluntarily.
Q:
When euthanasia legislation passed in Australia's Northern Territory, the Aborigines
A) regarded it as culturally inappropriate.
B) advocated the practice because it had been part of their culture for generations.
C) praised the new law as compassionate.
D) accepted the practice for older adults but not younger individuals.
Q:
In the United States and other Western nations, when doctors engage in voluntary active euthanasia,
A) about 70 percent of the population disapproves.
B) judges are usually strict, sentencing them to jail terms.
C) they often do so without the patient's consent.
D) judges are usually lenient, granting suspended sentences or probation.
Q:
Voluntary active euthanasia is
A) not a criminal offense in most countries.
B) a criminal offense in almost all U.S. states.
C) covered under most private insurance plans.
D) available to all terminally ill patients in the United States.
Q:
At the patient's request, Dr. Abbott turns off the respirator of a patient who cannot breathe independently. Dr. Abbott's use of passive euthanasia is
A) widely practiced as part of ordinary medical procedure.
B) an unusual procedure that must be court ordered.
C) immoral, unethical, and rarely used in the United States.
D) permissible only for patients who are in intense pain and suffering.
Q:
Few U.S. doctors are specially trained in
A) handling patients with AIDS.
B) managing pain in chronically ill and dying people.
C) gerontology.
D) thanatology.
Q:
The preference of __________ percent of Americans is to die at home.
A) 40 to 50
B) 50 to 60
C) 70 to 80
D) 80 to 90
Q:
In the United States today, about _____ percent of deaths take place in hospitals.
A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
Q:
Which of the following ethnic groups does not believe in telling terminally ill patients about their condition because dying disrupts important interdependent relationships?
A) Mexican
B) Australian
C) Middle Eastern
D) Japanese
Q:
The five reactions Kbler-Ross observed are best viewed as
A) a fixed sequence.
B) stages of denial.
C) coping strategies that anyone may call on in the face of threat.
D) maladaptive, emotion-centered coping strategies.
Q:
Mr. Frankel is dying. According to Kbler-Ross, Mr. Frankel's recognition that time is short and that he will not have a chance to do all he wants to do may promote which of the five typical responses to the prospect of death?
A) denial
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) depression
Q:
According to Kbler-Ross, Mrs. Buffay's consultation of multiple specialists after her initial diagnosis of a terminal illness is consistent with which of the five typical responses to the prospect of death?
A) denial
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) depression
Q:
Among Westerners, __________ is important in limiting death anxiety.
A) a sense of life's meaning
B) belief in an afterlife
C) belief in God
D) regular prayer
Q:
Which of the following children is the most likely to have an adultlike grasp of death?
A) Max, age 6, who lives in Israel
B) Minh, age 5, whose religion emphasizes reincarnation
C) Ayanna, age 6, whose religion emphasizes an afterlife
D) Finn, age 5, who lives in England
Q:
Through conversations with adults, most older children have trouble comprehending the death concept of
A) permanence.
B) inevitability.
C) cessation.
D) applicability.
Q:
Once children understand that death is permanent, appreciation of __________ soon follows.
A) inevitability
B) applicability
C) cessation
D) causation
Q:
Four-year-old MaKayla's hamster died. A few days later, MaKayla told her mom that the hamster died because she was mad at him for chewing on her bookmark. MaKayla is having trouble understanding the death concept of
A) permanence.
B) inevitability.
C) applicability.
D) causation.
Q:
After attending the funeral of a distant relative, 3-year-old Marcus held funerals for his "dead truck," "dead whistle," and "dead balloon." Marcus is having trouble understanding the death concept of
A) inevitability.
B) cessation.
C) applicability.
D) causation.
Q:
Mr. Wixom is dying. His wife wants to help him have a dignified exit. In communicating with Mr. Wixom, she should
A) talk about the past and avoid discussing his impending death.
B) assure him that she will support him through his physical and psychological distress.
C) tell him that he is going to get better soon.
D) conceal or minimize her own grief.
Q:
According to your text, the greatest dignity in death is in
A) an idealized, easy end.
B) passing without pain and suffering.
C) the integrity of the life that precedes it.
D) the relinquishment of personal control over the final phase of life.
Q:
In industrialized countries,
A) most people die in the presence of loved ones rather than surrounded by doctors and nurses.
B) people usually die at home where family members attend their last moments.
C) opportunities to witness the physical aspects of death are less available today than in previous generations.
D) most people do not want to know how we die or grasp what is happening to a dying loved one.
Q:
Life-care communities
A) are federally subsidized units for low-income seniors.
B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.
C) are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom"bathroom suites that surround a communal space.
D) provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.
Q:
Fran is an urban older adult. Which of the following advantages is Fran likely to have over small-town and rural seniors?
A) Fran is more likely to live near her children.
B) Fran is more likely to have better health and a higher income.
C) Fran is more likely to have nearby extended family.
D) Fran is more likely to have close relationships with her neighbors.
Q:
Older adults
A) are more likely than younger people to respond to conflict with yelling and arguing.
B) are less likely than younger people to use constructive strategies in response to conflict.
C) apply their emotional expertise to promote harmony.
D) report more problematic relationships than younger people.
Q:
As Jane grows older, she feels closer to her siblings and more connected with her spouse. At 85, her contact with acquaintances has diminished and she is left with a few very close relationships. She is not terribly interested in forming any new social ties. Jane's behavior is consistent with __________ theory.
A) disengagement
B) activity
C) socioemotional selectivity
D) continuity
Q:
Which of the following statements about continuity in the lives of older adults is true?
A) Even after a change, people usually make choices that extend the previous direction of their lives, engaging in new activities but often with familiar domains.
B) Most aging adults strive to maintain continuity between their past and anticipated future, which means that elders' lives are usually static.
C) Research on the daily lives of older adults finds evidence of a low to moderate degree of continuity in everyday pursuits and relationships.
D) Following a major life change in late adulthood, such as retirement or widowhood, people usually choose to engage in new activities in unfamiliar domains.
Q:
Most older adults
A) disengage from society after age 75.
B) do not disengage from society.
C) increase the number of social contacts over the years.
D) retreat from interaction and become introverted.
Q:
Harriet can handle dressing, shopping, and food preparation by herself. However, Harriet allows her daughter Ada to assist with these activities, leaving Harriet more stamina for gardening. Harriet is managing her aging by
A) becoming overly dependent on Ada.
B) taking advantage of Ada's willingness to help, though she is able to take care of herself.
C) consciously giving up primary control in some areas to remain in control of other, highly valued pursuits.
D) readily accepting formal support from Ada.
Q:
Which of the following statements about gender differences in negative life changes is true?
A) In very old age, negative life changes are greater for men than for women.
B) Social relations, even in very old age, are more often a source of stress for men than for women.
C) Women of advanced age tend to report a lower sense of psychological well-being than do men.
D) Men of advanced age tend to report a lower sense of psychological well-being than do women.