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Question
According to Marshall Sahlins, balanced reciprocity takes place among those well known to each other in a definite social context. Negative reciprocity operates between strangers or those socially distant from one another.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Simply displaying an artifact in a museum may establish that piece as a "work of art".
Q:
There are an estimated 13,500 ________ in Europe, 7000 in North America, 2800 in Asia and Australia, and around 2000 in the rest of the world
a) archaeological sites
b) ceramic pots
c) museums
d) CRM firms
e) archaeologists
Q:
Up until recently the past has generally been interpreted by
a) men
b) women
c) the government
d) archaeologists
e) actors and playwrights
Q:
The greater part of the money devoted to archaeological research in the countries of Greece, Egypt, Mexico and Peru comes from
a) private donors
b) UNESCO
c) American or European universities
d) the archaeologists themselves
e) tourism
Q:
The Portable Heritage Scheme in the UK is a voluntary system in which ____________ are encouraged to report their archaeological finds
a) deep sea divers
b) archaeologists
c) returning Iraq war veterans
d) metal detectorists
e) museums
Q:
Most archaeological surveys and data recovery projects in the USA are carried out by
a) university archaeology departments
b) private firms
c) non-profits like museums
d) undergraduate students
e) amateurs and "armchair" archaeologists
Q:
Although the Spanish razed the standing structure of the Great Temple of the Aztecs in 1521, ______________ were preserved underneath
a) parts of Colonial Mexico City
b) Maya sites
c) earlier temples that were in that spot
d) Olmec houses
e) all of the above
Q:
The acceptance that the public and therefore both national and regional government have a responsibility to avoid unnecessary destruction of heritage had resulted in the development of
a) ethnoarchaeology
b) pseudoarchaeology
c) nationalist archaeology
d) indigenous archaeology
e) public archaeology
Q:
Even if the British Museum were to return the so-called Elgin Marbles to Greece, the Greeks would have no where to put them: the Acropolis museum is antiquated and in poor condition.
Q:
After Aramaic Incantation Bowls were controversially returned to a private collector by the University College London, a report commissioned by UCL to tell if the bowls has been illegally exported from their country of origin was released via
a) the freedom of information act
b) the president of the university
c) wikileaks
d) the collector himself
e) the BBC
Q:
An illegal antiquity can be defined as
a) an artifact made out of a controlled substance or from endangered species, such as elephant tusk flutes or jaguar skin drums
b) an object that was excavated clandestinely and which has no published record
c) an artifact that carries considerable risk to people in the present, such as the remains of a victim of the black plague
d) an artifact that was found by an archaeologist in a country that the archaeologist is not a citizen of
e) all of the above are illegal antiquities
Q:
Both the Chumash of the Northwest Pacific Coast of the US and the Maorī of New Zealand prefer that _________ be destroyed "according to natures law", and do not like archaeologists interfering with that process
a) whale carcasses
b) meeting house sites
c) battlefield sites
d) human remains
e) all of the above
Q:
Tomb robbing is not a modern phenomenon. As early as the 12th century BC, ___________ had appointed a commission to inquire about the plundering of royal tombs
a) the Maya
b) the Egyptians
c) the Romans
d) the Minoans
e) the Chinese
Q:
Archaeology has been popularized through
a) books
b) television
c) the internet
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
In the past, the city that we now know as York was called
a) Eburacum
b) Eoforwic
c) Jorvik
d) York
e) all of the above
Q:
The most notable feature of the work of the York Archaeological Trust has been its success
a) in producing the earliest archaeological carbon dates for England
b) in developing groundbreaking isotopic techniques for wet environments
c) in appeasing the local druids who did not like the project at first
d) in using new method to involve the public in the project
e) in establishing a clear pottery sequence for the British Neolithic period
Q:
At Khok Phanom Di, some shells were modified and apparently used as tools. Experiments with similar shells indicated that marks were created by abrading them with sandstone to create a sharp cutting edge. Further experimental work and examination under a SEM indicated that the shells were probably used in
a) harvesting a grass such as rice
b) slicing and working skins and meats
c) incising designs on pottery
d) cutting bark cloths
e) fish processing
Q:
Discoveries made by the Leakeys indicate that our earliest ancestors lived only a few thousand years earlier than recognized at the beginning of the 20th century.
Q:
Like anthropologist Julian Steward, British archaeologist Grahame Clark broke away from the dependence on artifacts of the cultural-historical approach and argued for the multi-disciplinary efforts of specialists to understand plant and animal remains.
Q:
______________ trained under Mortimer Wheeler, adopted his box-grid method, and is best known for excavations at Jericho and Jerusalem
a) Kathleen Kenyon
b) Gertrude Caton-Thompson
c) Anna O. Shepard
d) Mary Leakey
e) none of the above
Q:
The site of atalhyk, first excavated by James Mellaart in the 1960s, is a world-renowned Neolithic site because of discoveries of
a) plaster decorations incorporating bull skulls
b) wall paintings
c) female terracotta figurines
d) well-preserved remains of textiles
e) all of the above
Q:
Darwin's work on evolution, in particular the mechanism of "natural selection," served as an important catalyst to the concept
a) that humans had emerged as part of the same process
b) that living things do not really change
c) that human origins were much too early for archaeology to have any relevance
d) none of the above
e) all of the above
Q:
Julio Tello, considered by many to be the first "indigenous archaeologist" in the Americas, was originally a medical doctor who is famous for work in his home country of
a) Mexico
b) The United States
c) Cuba
d) Peru
e) Brazil
Q:
Credited with meticulous excavations and description, Sir William Flinders Petrie was also responsible for devising the technique of
a) seriation (sequence dating)
b) radiocarbon dating (C14)
c) grid-square excavation methods
d) regional survey
e) all of the above
Q:
First emerging in East Africa, Homo erectus were hominids with larger brains than H. habilis, and manufactured bifacial teardrop-shaped stones tools (Acheulian hand axes). H. erectus is known as early as _________ in East Africa
a) half a million years ago
b) 1.6 million years ago
c) 16 million years ago
d) 60 million years ago
e) just under 90 million years ago
Q:
________________ cannot be used to date individual samples, rather it is applied to "population events" which cause the emergence of either new mitochondrial DNA or Y-chromosome haplotypes
a) Pollen dating
b) Genetic dating
c) Amino acid racemization
d) Chromosome drift analysis
e) Seriation
Q:
_____________ is a method that measures a thin layer that accumulates due to absorption of water on the surface of obsidian when it is first exposed to air. By comparing the thickness of this layer to a graph that predicts how long it takes for water to accumulate on such material a chronometric date can be calculated
a) Radiocarbon
b) Amino acid racemization
c) Obsidian hydration
d) Obsidian oxidation
e) Hydrospheric lamination
Q:
By exposing a sample of fired clay to radiation (energy) in the laboratory, so-called electron traps are opened and the energy that is emitted in the form of light can be accurately measured. This radiation dose can be combined with an estimate for the annual dose the sample received prior to testing and the susceptibility of the sample to radiation in order to determine the precise age of the fired clay. This dating technique is called
a) geomancy
b) optically stimulated luminescence
c) fission track dating
d) thermoluminescence
e) electron spin resonance
Q:
Uranium-series dating is based on the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes, and is very useful for the period 500,000-50,000 years ago, which is outside the limits of radiocarbon dating. This method is used to date
a) teeth
b) rocks rich in calcium carbonate
c) rocks rich in volcanic minerals
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
To an archaeologist, examples of relative datingmethods include
a) seriation
b) linguistic dating
c) pollen dating
d) faunal dating
e) all of the above