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Question
Briefly describe the nine characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer. How do they compare with the research techniques you have learned about in courses or readings in other academic disciplines?
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Anthropological analysis of potlatching contradicts the classic economics assumption that individuals are, by nature, profit maximizers.
Q:
Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.
Q:
The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.
Q:
In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year.
Q:
Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated animals.
Q:
Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.
Q:
Generalized reciprocity
A. is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
B. is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
C. usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
D. disappears with the origin of the state.
E. is exemplified by silent trade.
Q:
Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?
A. generalized exchange
B. the market principle
C. redistribution
D. negative reciprocity
E. balanced reciprocity
Q:
Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT
A. states.
B. foragers.
C. horticulturalists.
D. pastoralists.
E. chiefdoms.
Q:
What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?
A. Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.
B. More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.
C. The use of land and labor intensifies.
D. There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.
E. The use of communal cooking houses becomes more common.
Q:
Yehudi Cohens adaptive strategies
A. suggest hypothetical correlationsthat is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.
B. suggest multidirectional relationships between a societys mean and its mode of production.
C. suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.
D. suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
E. have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.
Q:
What is meant by the phrase the social construction of race? How does this concept differ from race as perceived by the average middle-class American? (Use the description given in the text.)
Q:
Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept, anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variation.
Q:
Migration and rapid population growth are fueling multiculturalism in countries like the United States and Canada.
Q:
A plural society is the opposite of a society that forces groups to assimilate.
Q:
A nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.
Q:
Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than racial categories in Brazil.
Q:
The term hypodescent refers to individuals who are racially pure.
Q:
There is much greater variation within each of the traditional races than between them.
Q:
Biological races have been scientifically discredited not just among humans but also among all living species.
Q:
Human biological differences are evident only to individuals who wrongfully sustain the validity of human races.
Q:
There is no difference between the biological and cultural definitions of race.
Q:
When an ethnic identity is flexible and situational, it can become an achieved status.
Q:
The Basque people, one of Europes most distinctive ethnic groups, have maintained a strong ethnic identity and a language that is unrelated to any other known language. Which of the following was a result of the forced assimilation campaign to ban speaking and using Basque in print?
A. Ethnic pride in the Basque people is now diminished.
B. Basque parents, ashamed of their ethnicity, are refusing to teach their children their language, opting for their full immersion in schools that teach in the national language.
C. Speaking Basque became taboo among the Basque people.
D. Strong nationalist sentiment and Basque terrorist groups were created in the Basque region.
E. Basque is now an extinct language.
Q:
A policy of ethnic expulsion aims at removing from a country groups who are culturally different. There are many examples, including Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s; Uganda expelling 74,000 Asians in 1972; and so on. The neofascist parties of contemporary western Europe advocate the repatriation of immigrant workers. What is one of the potential consequences of such policies?
A. the breakup of imaginary communes
B. the creation of refugeespeople who have been forced or have chosen to flee a country, to escape persecution or war
C. state-mandated forced assimilation
D. the creation of class consciousness
E. gender stratification
Q:
What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups?
A. pluralism
B. broad-spectrum subsistence
C. plural society
D. multicultural
E. assimilationist
Q:
Nation-states
A. are defined by their lack of ethnic identity.
B. are ethnically homogeneous.
C. are the same as tribes and ethnic groups.
D. are parts of other states.
E. sometimes encourage ethnic divisions for political and economic ends.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the concept of race in Brazil is NOT true?
A. Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent.
B. There are more than 500 different terms used to describe phenotypes.
C. The large number of racial categories in Brazil does not easily lend itself to socioeconomic discrimination based on race.
D. The perception of biological races is influenced not just by their physical phenotype but by how one dresses and behaves.
E. A persons race can change from day to day.
Q:
In 1998, the American Anthropological Association issued a statement on race. This statement makes all of the following points EXCEPT that
A. there is greater variation within racial groups than between them.
B. although the continued sharing of genetic materials has maintained all of humankind as a single species, some scientists suggest that current racial divisions in society that keep certain groups from interbreeding might lead to a true separate species.
C. physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas.
D. physical variations in the human species have no meanings beyond the social ones that humans put on them.
E. race evolved as a worldview, a body of prejudgments that distorts our ideas about human differences and group behavior.
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why dark skin color is adaptive?
A. dietary adaptation
B. admission of UV rays
C. reducing the frequency of rickets
D. preventing the destruction of folate
E. malarial resistance