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Question
Compare and contrast the four different perspectives of language development presented in the text: behaviorist, innatist, interactionist (cognitive), interactionist (contextual). Be sure to include research and examples that support each of the perspectives, as well as a discussion of the problems with each perspective.
Answer
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Full-service or 21st-century community schools are based in part on the theories of:
A. Sigmund Freud
B. B. F. Skinner
C. Lewis Terman
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Which of the following teachers is not likely to be successful working with high-risk students?
A. Mr. Richards, who makes sure to take student input into account when developing classroom policies
B. Ms. Swedloff, who is careful not to place the same high expectations on her high-risk students as on her students from stable and supportive environments
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Resilient children tend to possess all of the following characteristics except:
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B. a desire to complete all tasks without the help of peers or adults.
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In studies of teacher attitudes toward included students, researchers have found four attitudinal categories. Which category describes students who receive a larger share of positive interactions than their classmates, and who are pushed by their teachers to do their best?
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In Maccoby and Martins (1983) model of parenting styles, a permissive-indulgent parent is one who is ______ on control and ______ on responsiveness.
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The school to which you have been assigned is primarily Hispanic in composition. You can expect that the majority of Hispanic students will be of ______ origin.
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Which of the following statements regarding teenage pregnancy and parenthood is false?
A. Over the last several years, the teenage pregnancy rates in the U.S. have been declining.
B. Factors thought to contribute to the likelihood of a teenage girl becoming a mother are more common among African Americans and Hispanic Americans.
C. Programs that provide child care and parenting classes for teenage parents have not shown much promise.
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Carol Gilligans contribution to the study of moral development is:
A. pointing out that Kohlbergs scheme of measuring moral development may be biased against women.
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Sociodramatic play is an important arena for the development of friendships between the ages of:
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Mr. Selma teams up the children in his multicultural classroom to explore similarities and differences in their families. He also encourages visitors from different ethnic groups to visit his class so that his students can see positive images of various ethnic groups. Based on the educational implications of ethnic perspective taking presented in the text, what age group do you think Mr. Selma teaches?
A. late adolescence
B. early adolescence
C. middle childhood
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At what age does the typical child first grasp the social implications of ethnicity?
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The term social cognition is used to describe:
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B. childrens understanding of others thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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B. promoting positive feelings of competency and efficacy
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The term ______ is used to describe childrens knowledge of gender.
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C. gender-role conceptions
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Psychologists use the term ______ to describe the ability of the young brain to change and adapt.
A. habituation
B. lateralization
C. hemispheric specialization
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A. Tay-Sachs disease
B. phenylketonuria
C. muscular dystrophy
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Which of the following statements regarding prenatal development is false?
A. It covers the period from conception to birth.
B. It follows a universal pattern.
C. It is directed mainly by environmental influences.
D. It is divided into three major stages.
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Which of the following statements regarding ethical guidelines for research involving children and adults is false?
A. Researchers are required to keep all information confidential, even if they obtain information that threatens the childs well-being.
B. Every participant must be given the opportunity to see the results of the study.
C. Children in the control group have the right to receive the same treatment as the experimental group if it turns out that the experimental treatment has some beneficial outcome.
D. The perceived benefits of a study must outweigh its potential risks and costs in terms of time and effort.
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As a preschool teacher, when you are working with a child on a new skill you adjust your level of guidance and assistance based on the childs developing abilities. Your approach is most consistent with which theory of child development?
A. social learning theory
B. ecological theory
C. social-cultural theory
D. psychoanalytic theory
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The purpose of a developmental theory is to:
A. describe how children change as they age.
B. describe how different aspects of development are interrelated.
C. explain why development occurs in a particular direction.
D. all of these
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Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from Stiglers research on mathematics classrooms?
A. A focus on teaching methods is essential for improving education.
B. Teaching is a cultural activity.
C. There are no quick fixes for improving education.
D. all of these
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According to the text, adolescents spend about what percentage of their time in school?
A. 32
B. 27
C. 55
D. 41
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Which teacher is least likely to actively address students learning problems?
A. Alice, who believes that behavioral differences are innate
B. Bob, who thinks that learning problems are a result of poor parenting
C. Claire, who believes that behavioral differences are a direct result of growing up in different socioeconomic groups
D. David, who believes that learning problems stem from previous poor school experiences