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Question
Contrast generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. Describe how negative reciprocity differs from the market principle.
Answer
Answers will vary
Related questions
Q:
Which of these statements about the world system is NOT true?
A. "The world system is based on economies oriented toward the world market for profit."
B. "The world system depends on each nation producing all that is needed by its own population."
C. "The world system was established primarily through European colonialism."
D. "The standard of living in the world system tends to be higher for populations living in core nations."
E. "Nations may change their positions in the world system."
Q:
Which of these statements about world-system theory is NOT true?
A. "Wallerstein wrote about the world-system theory."
B. "World-system theory stresses the existence of a global culture."
C. "World-system theory claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century."
D. "World-system theory focuses on links and power differentials between local peoples and international forces."
E. "World-system theory deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies."
Q:
Which of these statements about British colonialism is NOT true?
A. "British colonialism lacked an intervention philosophy."
B. "British colonialism consisted of two main phases."
C. "British colonialism was legitimized by the racist notion of the white man's burden'."
D. "British colonialism began to disintegrate following World War II."
E. "British colonialism was driven by economic interests."
Q:
Current media technology helps to disseminate knowledge to the public.
Q:
Public-interest anthropologists should not participate in making policy decisions.
Q:
In his comparison of rural and urban communities, Redfield found that cultural innovations spread from urban areas to rural ones.
Q:
Analyze the fallacy of under-differentiation, and provide some possible alternatives to it.
Q:
Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike
A. have only limited chances of succeeding.
B. are the most successful kind of development scheme.
C. have never taken place.
D. are known as utopian intervention.
E. are known as research and development.
Q:
The postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s
A. fueled the general expansion of the American educational system, including academic anthropology.
B. promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.
C. brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
D. produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
E. brought an end to the world system.
Q:
A common goal of development projects is to
A. increase socioeconomic stratification.
B. promote ethnocide.
C. facilitate cultural assimilation.
D. decrease local autonomy.
E. increase equity.
Q:
Racial classifications do not accurately represent the wide diversity of biological traits present among human populations.
Q:
Lack of interaction between coexisting ethnic groups helps to ensure stability in a plural society.
Q:
In Brazil, a person's phenotype and racial label may change due to environmental factors.
Q:
Describe the difference between assimilationism and multiculturalism. Identify how these concepts affect minority ethnic groups.
Q:
Define the term minority group and its position in the social-political hierarchy. Provide at least three different examples.
Q:
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A. band and clan.
B. lineage and nuclear family.
C. extended family and clan.
D. nuclear family and band.
E. band and extended family.
Q:
Fiscal systems include the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts.
Q:
States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.
Q:
In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
Q:
Describe to what extent modern foragers serve as the basis for reconstructions of social, political, and economic organization among ancient hunter-gatherer bands. Justify your answer.
Q:
Contrast two of the following: (a) band leaders, (b) village heads, (c) big men, (d) chiefs. Discuss how these political figures attainand keeptheir leadership positions. Discuss the extent to which they can they enforce their decisions, and relate how permanent their political roles are.
Q:
________ is NOT typical of state societies.
A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy
B. Class stratification
C. The fixing of state boundaries
D. Intensive agriculture
E. Fiscal support
Q:
According to Weber, the basis of social status is
A. wealth.
B. age.
C. prestige.
D. intelligence.
E. power.
Q:
The primary difference between a village head and a "big man" is that
A. a big man can enforce his decisions.
B. a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C. a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D. a big man's high status is ascribed, while a village head's high status is achieved.
E. village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
Q:
In foraging bands, the leaders
A. retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class.
B. inherit privileged access to strategic resources.
C. maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D. have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E. are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
Q:
A "big man" is a
A. person who holds a permanent political office.
B. hereditary ruler.
C. person of influence and prestige.
D. leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity.
E. leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine.
Q:
For much of human history, people lived in societies characterized by a ________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. chiefdom
D. state
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
Obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A. cultivation.
B. swiddening.
C. fallowing.
D. symbiosis.
E. transhumance.
Q:
Shifting cultivation
A. typically involves the use of draft animals.
B. cannot support permanent villages.
C. requires irrigation.
D. requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E. relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q:
Describe how economic specialization in industrial nations differs from specialization in nonindustrial societies.