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Question
Define shrinkage. List three or more examples of shrinkage.
Answer
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The term __________ is used to describe how well a process makes units within design specifications (or tolerances).
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The __________ are calculated to show how much allowance should be made for natural variation.
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The __________ is a quality control chart that indicates when changes occur in the central tendency of a production process.
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Which of the following is true regarding the average outgoing quality level?A) An AOQ value of 1 is ideal, because all defects have been removed.B) AOQ is always greater than AQL but less than LTPD.C) AOQ rises (worsens) following inspection of failed lots.D) AOQ is very low (very good) for extremely poor quality lots.E) None of the above is true.
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In most acceptance sampling plans, when a lot is rejected, the entire lot is inspected and all defective items are replaced. When using this technique the AOQA) worsens (AOQ becomes a larger fraction)B) improves (AOQ becomes a smaller fraction)C) is not affected, but the AQL is improvedD) is not affectedE) falls to zero
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A Type II error occurs whenA) a good lot is rejectedB) a bad lot is acceptedC) the population is worse than the LTPDD) the proportion of defectives is very smallE) none of the above
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Average outgoing quality (AOQ) usuallyA) worsens with inspectionB) stays the same with inspectionC) improves with inspectionD) may either improve or worsen with inspectionE) is the average quality before inspectionAnswer: C
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Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between AOQ and the true population percent defective?A) AOQ is greater than the true percent defective.B) AOQ is the same as the true percent defective.C) AOQ is less than the true percent defective.D) There is no relationship between AOQ and the true percent defective.E) The relationship between these two cannot be determined.
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Acceptance samplingA) may involve inspectors taking random samples (or batches) of finished products and measuring them against predetermined standardsB) may involve inspectors taking random samples (or batches) of incoming raw materials and measuring them against predetermined standardsC) is more economical than 100% inspectionD) may be either of a variable or attribute type, although attribute inspection is more common in the business environmentE) All of the above are true.
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A Cp of 1.33 indicates how many sigma limitsA) 1B) 1.33C) 2D) 3E) 4
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The normal application of a p-chart is inA) process sampling by variablesB) acceptance sampling by variablesC) process sampling by attributesD) acceptance sampling by attributesE) none of the above
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The mean and standard deviation for a process for which we have a substantial history are= 120 and u03c3 = 2. For the x-bar chart, a sample size of 16 will be used. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?A) 1/8 (0.125)B) 7.5C) 2D) 40E) 120
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The type of inspection that classifies items as being either good or defective isA) variable inspectionB) attribute inspectionC) fixed inspectionD) all of the aboveE) none of the above
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Up to three standard deviations above or below the centerline is the amount of variation that statistical process control allows forA) Type I errorsB) about 95.5% variationC) natural variationD) all types of variationE) assignable variation
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Suppose that a three stage process had reliability ratings of .7, .8, and .9 at each station and that a failure at any station represented a failure for the entire process. If each station is given a redundant check with .9 reliability, what is the increase in system reliability?
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Which product design below has the higher system reliability?
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The academic service commonly referred to as "registration" consists of several smaller components: advising, registration for courses, fee assessment, financial aid calculations, and fee payment. Each of these modules operates independently and has some probability of failure for each student. If the five probabilities which accompany these services are 95%, 90%, 99%, 98%, and 99%, what is the "reliability" of the entire product from the student's perspectivethe probability that all five will work according to plan?
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Mean charts and range charts complement one another, one detecting shifts in process average, the other detecting shifts in process dispersion.
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The x-bar chart indicates that a gain or loss of uniformity has occurred in dispersion of a production process.
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A woodworker is concerned about the quality of the finished appearance of her work. In sampling units of a split-willow hand-woven basket, she has found the following number of finish defects in ten units sampled: 4, 0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2.a. Calculate the average number of defects per basketb. If 3-sigma control limits are used, calculate the lower control limit, centerline, and upper control limit.