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Question
Discuss some advantages and disadvantages to using negative reinforcement.Answer
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When replacing an inappropriate behavior with one that is appropriate, the new behavior must serve the same function as the old.
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Voluntary consent implies publication of goals, procedures, and results so that they may be evaluated
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Initially, Isabel is taught to use her augmentative communication system to indicate it's time for lunch when prompted by the teacher and when she feels hunger. Through instruction over time and withdrawal of the teacher's verbal prompt, Isabel now independently indicates it's time for lunch when her stomach begins growling. This is an example of what generalization technique?a. Sequentially modifyb. Train looselyc. Mediate generalizationd. Introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies
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Suppressing behaviors such as whistling and laughing while in school is ethical if it helps to establish "law and order" in the classroom.
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The Relevance of Behavior Rule states that:
a. If teachers can generate behaviors that are reinforced by the natural environment, a situation equivalent to catching a mouse in a trap will be created.
b. The more relevant the behavior, the more likely the student will be to acquire the behavioral skill.
c. There is seldom a behavior that is performed exactly the same way in exactly the same place.
d. It is not always necessary to employ identical procedures to obtain stimulus generalization or maintenance.
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The term "behavior modification" refers ONLY to procedures derived from the experimental analysis of human behavior.
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Why are experimental designs important in applied behavior analysis?
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Pose a question for which you would select an alternating treatments design to determine the answer.
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In mediating generalization, students may be taught to:
a. recognize reinforcers in the environment
b. monitor and report on their own behavior generalization
c. recruits reinforcers which may be available
d. responds to specific discriminative stimuli in multiple environments
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A student learns the concept of "red" through training on a continuum of red colored items as well as blue and green items. The teacher has used:a. general case programmingb. training loosely methodologyc. train and hope methodologyd. indiscriminable contingencies
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The design depicted here is known as:a. Changing criterion designb. Alternating Treatments designc. Changing conditions designd. Reversal design
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In mediating generalization, students are taught to monitor and report their own generalization of appropriate behavior.
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__________ refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable.a. Baselineb. Experimental controlc. Repeated measurementd. None of the above
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What is known as a "demonstration of behavior"?
a. Modeling
b. Shaping
c. Positive Reinforcement
d. Operant Conditioning
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When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and its rate of occurrence decreases, what behavioral principle is being used?a. Punishmentb. Positive Reinforcementc. Positive Punishmentd. Extinction
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Operant conditioning deals with __________ behaviors.
a. emotional
b. trained
c. reflexive
d. voluntary
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Behaviorists are LEAST concerned with the following:
a. functional relation
b. observable behaviors
c. present events
d. past events
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What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Miss Clark holds Melissa's hand to cross the street.a. Modelingb. Physical Guidancec. Verbal Promptd. Visual Prompt
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A _____ is an additional stimulus that increases the probability that an SD will occasion the desired response.a. Conceptb. Reinforcerc. Consequenced. Prompt
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The focus of the behavioral approach is:
a. observing and predicting
b. facilitating behavior change
c. recording and verifying aberrant behaviors
d. all of the above
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It takes Karen 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is:a. reversal designb. multiple baseline designc. changing criterion designd. AB design
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A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior's occurrence increases when some environmental condition is removed is:
a. differential reinforcement
b. reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
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The measurement of a behavior before intervention begins is called:
a. preliminary data
b. variable data
c. baseline data
d. confounding data
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Applied behavior analysis may be defined as the process of applying behavioral principles to improve behaviors while simultaneously evaluating whether noted changes may be attributed to the application of those principles.
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A multiple baseline design is appropriate to use when the target behavior calls for immediate action.
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A form of decreasing assistance called errorless learning is also known as:
a. Time Delay
b. Graduated Guidance
c. Backward Chaining
d. Stimulus shaping
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Biophysical explanations of behavior include theories based on genetic or hereditary factors.
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Shaping should be used when:
a. combinations of reinforcement, prompting, or chaining have failed
b. students are highly resistant to behavioral change
c. the terminal behavior is not in the student's repertoire
d. a shaping procedure is always the first choice
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A procedure described as the use of differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior is called:a. modelingb. fadingc. chainingd. shaping