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Question
Discuss three of the five mechanisms by which probiotics may be helpful in diarrheal illnesses.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Describe the process by which vitamin B12 is digested and absorbed.
Q:
One method to assess vitamin status is using a "load test." Explain how this worksfirst in a conceptual way, and then specifically using one example. Your specific example can be chosen from either tryptophan or histidine (pick one). Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or why not?
Q:
For each vitamin listed below, indicate: (1) the active form of the vitamin, (2) the general function for the vitamin, and (3) an example of the general function (this could be a specific reaction or simply indicate a pathway/ process where it occurs). An example is provided; as you can see, your answers do not need to be long!Vitamins: Biotin, pantothenate, riboflavin, vitamin B6, thiamin, vitamin C, folateExample: Niacin(1) NAD(H) or NADP(H)(2) Oxidation-reduction reactions(3) TCA Cycle reaction or"¦.
Q:
Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given. Nutrient choices may be used more than once.Associated Phrase1) hypochromic, microcytic anemia2) serine hydroxymethyltransferase3) edema and cardiac insufficiency4) hemoglobin synthesis5) prolyl hydroxylase6) Latin word means "leaf"; Italian word means "foliage"7) PLP is coenzyme form8) potatoes and broccoli are good sources9) coenzyme carries one-carbon groups in metabolism10) pernicious anemia is a lack of absorption of this11) gulonolactone oxidase12) coenzyme labilizes covalent bonds around the alpha-carbon of an amino acid13) UL = 2000 mg/d14) a water-soluble vitamin that is not a coenzyme15) a vitamin whose supplement form has MORE biologic action than the form found in natureNutrienta. vitamin B12b. vitamin B6c. folate or folic acidd. vitamin Ce. none of these
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
Circulating concentrations of a vitamin typically reflect diet, whereas intracellular (e.g., RBCs, leukocytes) concentrations reflect body pools.
Q:
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.
High circulating levels of homocysteine (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia) have been implicated in a number of pathologies including cardiovascular disease.
Q:
Which of the following vitamins has a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established?
a. thiamin
b. riboflavin
c. vitamin B6
d. vitamin B12
Q:
The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate protein digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins: _____; and a receptor located in the _____.
a. R binders and hydrochloric acid, colon
b. pepsin and hydrochloric acid, ileum
c. R protein and intrinsic factor, ileum
d. R protein and intrinsic factor, duodenum
Q:
What amount of supplemental folic acid is recommended daily for women of childbearing age in the United States?
a. 200 ug DFE
b. 400 ug DFE
c. 600 ug DFE
d. 800 ug DFE
Q:
Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to inhibit the enzyme _____.
a. folylpolyglutamate synthetase
b. dihydrofolate reductase
c. formimino glutamate
d. conjugase
Q:
Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin?
a. pyridoxal phosphate
b. pantothenic acid
c. vitamin E
d. folic acid
Q:
Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of:
a. thiamin.
b. B6.
c. riboflavin.
d. B12.
Q:
Describe how the effects of anorexia nervosa are similar to the effects of starvation.
Q:
Explain the principles underlying the use of doubly labeled water to assess total energy expenditure. Include a discussion of the main source of error.
Q:
Explain the difference between direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry.
Q:
What is the IBW of the woman in question #25, calculated using the modified Devine formula?
a. 127 lb
b. 130 lb
c. 137 lb
d. 140 lb
Q:
The present diet of the student in question #25 provides 2500 kcal per day. This diet:
a. is meeting her kcal needs.
b. needs to be increased by 300 kcal.
c. would cause about 1 lb per week weight loss.
d. would cause weight gain of about 0.5 lb per week.
Q:
Mr. Q., age 62, is 5"10" tall, weighs 150 pounds, and leads a sedentary life. The Harris-Benedict equation for men is 66.5 + (13.7 x W) + (5.0 x H) " (6.8 x A). Using the Harris-Benedict equation, calculate Mr. Q's RMR.a. RMR = 1468 kcal/dayb. RMR = 1614 kcal/dayc. RMR = 1790 kcal/dayd. RMR = 2311 kcal/day
Q:
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 requires that manufacturers _____.
a. secure prior approval to sell their products
b. demonstrate that the supplements are safe
c. provide a disclaimer on the label stating that "this statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration"
d. provide proof of the dietary supplement's effectiveness
Q:
Explain the physiological role of silicon in normal growth and bone development.
Q:
Which mineral is contained in a preformed metallovitamin essential for humans that cannot be synthesized from dietary sources?
a. cobalt
b. silicon
c. nickel
d. boron
Q:
Which ultratrace element is not required by humans in its ionic form, but is a necessary component of the coenzyme form of a vitamin?
a. iron
b. boron
c. cobalt
d. vanadium
Q:
Toxicity of which element results in green tongue, diarrhea, and GI cramps?
a. vanadium
b. silicon
c. arsenic
d. boron
Q:
An ultratrace element that can inhibit many systems that require phosphate, such as phosphotransferases, is _____.
a. nickel
b. arsenic
c. vanadium
d. boron
Q:
Which ultratrace element, in pharmacological quantities, mimics the action of insulin?
a. boron
b. silicon
c. nickel
d. vanadium
Q:
Which ultratrace element affects the composition, structure, and strength of bones as well as cell membrane stability and inflammation?
a. vanadium
b. cobalt
c. arsenic
d. boron
Q:
Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron, providing 1.0 to 4.5 mg/100 g?
a. raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados
b. pork, beef, and poultry
c. milk , butter, cheese, and yogurt
d. fish and shellfish
Q:
Selenium and iodine interact antagonistically with _____.
a. arsenic
b. vanadium
c. boron
d. silicon
Q:
What two minerals can cause damage to cells when in their free ion forms?
a. iron and copper
b. zinc and molybdenum
c. iodine and manganese
d. zinc and copper
Q:
Which vitamin may enhance copper reduction?a. niacinb. biotinc. ascorbic acidd. -carotene