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Question
Domestication of plants and animals led to stable food supplies during the Holocene; however, it also resulted in significant environmental and health problems. Discuss these problems in terms of natural selection.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to:
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of a cooler climate.
d. none of the above
Q:
The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
Q:
Fossil evidence of cut marks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:
a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above
Q:
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to about:
a. 1.7 mya.
b. 1.2 mya.
c. 500,000 yBP.
d. 800,000 yBP.
Q:
Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above
Q:
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. use of marine resources.
Q:
Homo rudolfensis is morphologically similar to:
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo habilis.
d. Australopithecus robustus.
Q:
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhiwere found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
a. abundant stone tools.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
c. evidence for early Homo.
d. fossil footprints.
Q:
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:
a. Orrorin tugenensis.
b. Ardipithecus kadabba.
c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
Q:
Australopithecus garhimay be the ancestor of:
a. Homo habilis.
b. Australopithecus afarensis.
c. Orrorin tugenesis.
d. Homo sapiens.
Q:
In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called:
a. Orrorin.
b. Sahelanthropus.
c. Gigantopithecus.
d. Paranthropus.
Q:
Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin evolution emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:
a. included the now extinct descendents of Au afarensis.
b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus.
c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages.
d. ended with Au africanus.
Q:
The Patchy Forest hypothesis proposes that:
a. forests became patchy and food more dispersed.
b. forests became lush woodlands.
c. forests became wet and swamplike.
d. forests did not change.
Q:
Bipedalism's advantages over quadrupedalism include:
a. an increased ability to see greater distances.
b. running faster.
c. ease of transporting food.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
Discuss the selective pressures operating in the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene that favored an adaptive radiation of monkeys and contributed to decreased diversity among apes.
Q:
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:
a. 5 mya.
b. 10 mya.
c. 15 mya.
d. 25 mya.
Q:
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
a. a meteor impact.
b. a disease pandemic.
c. climate change.
d. early humans hunting them for food.
Q:
A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is:
a. biologically sound.
b. likely facing extinction.
c. biologically diverse.
d. is protected from extinction.
Q:
Apes first appear in Europe and Asia from about:
a. 17 mya.
b. 6 mya.
c. 10 mya.
d. 12 mya.
Q:
Like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has:
a. sharp high crests on the teeth.
b. large canines and no diastema.
c. a Y-5 molar pattern and Sinodonty.
d. a Y-5 molar pattern, low rounded cusps, large canines, and a diastema.
Q:
A difference between Miocene apes and modern apes is:
a. the length of the tail.
b. the breadth of the ribcage.
c. the size of the hands.
d. the morphology of the foot.
Q:
Monkeys underwent massive__________in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
a. extinction
b. adaptive radiation
c. migration
d. diversification
Q:
The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposes that:
a. primates' unique traits are an adaptation to living in trees.
b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects.
c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic.
d. primates could see predators in advance.
Q:
Studies of temperatures during the Cenozoic era suggest that:
a. temperatures have steadily increased over time.
b. temperatures have steadily decreased over time.
c. temperatures have fluctuated, sometimes greatly, over time.
d. temperatures have stayed basically the same over time.
Q:
Thermoluminescence dating can provide dates when used on which types of materials?
a. sediment, stone, and ceramics
b. bone, wood, and stone
c. bone, shell, and fabric
d. shell, ceramics, and wood
Q:
Fluorine dating is an example of what type of dating method?
a. chronometric
b. nonrelative
c. chemical
d. genetic
Q:
During the Holocene artifacts like __________ began to appear.
a. bones and teeth
b. ceramics
c. shell
d. wood objects
Q:
Which period saw the proliferation of mammals?
a. Holocene
b. Cenozoic
c. Jurassic
d. Mesozoic
Q:
The original continent that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is called:
a. Eurasia.
b. Afrinesia.
c. Australasia.
d. Pangaea.