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Question
First proposed by Akers in collaboration with Burgess in the 1960s, _________________ theory is a version of social learning theory that employs both differential association concepts and elements of psychological learning theory.Answer
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Related questions
Q:
In regard to specific deterrence, explain why it is plausible that evidence on the effectiveness of specific deterrence is mixed. Provide examples from the text.
Q:
How do certainty, severity, and speed of punishment impact general deterrence? How does the criminal justice system support or hamper these general deterrence factors?
Q:
Explain how economic need, personal traits, and experience contribute to how criminals structure criminality.
Q:
The _____ effect is the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses.
Q:
Crime is said to be _________________________ because criminals are not simply robots or automatons who engage in unthinking and unplanned acts of antisocial behavior.
Q:
________ theory is the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In regard to the term diffusion, what might influence Fred to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?
a. A lack of suitable targets to burglarize
b. Increased police patrols in the neighborhood
c. Other burglars moving into the area
d. Fred becoming recognizable in the area
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.
a. abolishers
b. blockers
c. discouragers
d. preventers
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why some critics say it is premature to embrace three-strikes policies?a. Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out of crime anyway.b. Few career criminals engage in violent crime.c. Most crime is committed by juveniles who are not eligible for three-strikes punishment.d. Crime rates have dropped dramatically in the last decade.
Q:
If more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to as the _____ effect.
a. incarceration
b. prison
c. incapacitation
d. recidivism
Q:
Every state has a Victim's Bill of Rights. What are the general rights legally accorded to victims of crime?
Q:
Explain how victim impulsivity is associated with victim precipitation. Why does this personality trait contribute to victimization risk?
Q:
Explain the relationship between race/ethnicity and victimization.
Q:
According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization, __________ refers to the victim having some quality or skill that an offender wants to obtain or use which may increase their chances of victimization.
Q:
Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event which includes symptoms of depression, anxiety, and recurring nightmares is known as ______.
Q:
According to routine activities theory, costly jewelry, expensive cars, and easily transportable goods are considered ______.
Q:
________ is provided for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate services.
Q:
______________ is the study of the victim's role in criminal events.
Q:
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and that he can protect himself.One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is secretly listening to their conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner store a few blocks from his house. Johnny is trying to recruit Christopher to help him retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks away from him. According to the deviant place theory, which term best describes Johnny's desire to retaliate against his attacker?a. Honor codeb. Code of the playgroundc. Prison rulesd. Street code
Q:
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and that he can protect himself.
Christopher's mother is convinced there are certain places in their community that are deviant because they are home to "demoralized people." All of the following may be considered "demoralized people" except the______.
a. homeless
b. drug addicted
c. mentally ill
d. middle class
Q:
Christopher is a 17-year-old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9 p.m. curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and that he can protect himself.
Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?
a. Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
b. Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
c. Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized as those who did not.
d. Males who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized as those who did not.
Q:
Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also travels around the country speaking to crime victims.Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published research on children who are abused, which of the following is not a likely characteristic of victims?a. Suffer lower self-esteemb. Are more suicidal as adultsc. Are abused as adultsd. Have successful careers
Q:
Surveys reveal that ____ percent of the general public have been victimized by crime at least once in their lives.
a. 25
b. 55
c. 75
d. 95
Q:
According to routine activities theory, which of the following is considered a motivated offender?
a. Addict population
b. Casual offenders
c. Those living in poverty
d. Juveniles
Q:
According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered capable guardians except ______.
a. police officers
b. homeowners
c. security systems
d. teenage boys
Q:
What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
a. Impulsive precipitation
b. Passive precipitation
c. Reflexive precipitation
d. Active precipitation
Q:
Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. The _____ aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles.
a. target vulnerability
b. target gratifiability
c. target hostility
d. target antagonism
Q:
Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization?
a. Widowers and divorced people
b. Widows and widowers
c. Widows and single people
d. Divorced and single people
Q:
People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.
a. 25 percent higher
b. 50 percent higher
c. 25 percent lower
d. 50 percent lower
Q:
The treatment rape survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is sometimes so destructive that victims cannot help feeling _____.
a. "re-tried"
b. "re-blamed"
c. "re-raped"
d. "re-pained"