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Question
Focusing on early anthropology, define the approaches of historical particularism and structural functionalism. Who developed these approaches and what do these approaches examine when working to learn about other cultures? How did these two approaches differ from the preceding approach of unilineal cultural evolution?Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Which of the following conditions is believed to be transmitted through funerary practices?
a. epilepsy
b. kuru
c. qaug dab peg
d. tuberculosis
e. foot and mouth disease
Q:
The kuru epidemic essentially came to an end:
a. when Christian missionaries helped to eliminate cannibalism.
b. when the government began requiring neonatal care.
c. when the population developed a natural immunity.
d. with the introduction of penicillin and antibiotics.
e. once cremation became the norm in the region.
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that religion, particularly religious ritual, serves a crucial role in combating one's sense of anomie and in addressing larger social dynamics of alienation and dislocation. How did Durkheim define anomie and what is a specific example of it in the world today? How does religious ritual help combat anomie? How does religious ritual address larger social dynamics of alienation and dislocation? How did these notions argued by Durkheim influence the anthropological approach to the study of religion?
Q:
Which of the following is transforming the ritual practices of religious communities large and small as congregations adapt to their members' mobility and the lively flow of ideas, information, and money across borders?
a. democratization
b. aggrandization
c. proselytization
d. secularization
e. globalization
Q:
Which of the following social processes is currently affecting the ways in which religion and religious practices are being stretched and shaped today?
a. immigration
b. revolution
c. neoliberalization
d. secularization
e. standardization
Q:
Which of the following anthropologists argued that religion and religious symbols are actually produced through complex historical and social developments in which power and meaning are created, contested, and maintained?
a. Clifford Geertz
b. Victor Turner
c. Paul Stoller
d. Talal Asad
e. George Gmelch
Q:
Anthropologist George Gmelch examined the rituals, taboos, and sacred objects of magic that are in almost constant use in which of the following sports?
a. basketball
b. soccer
c. baseball
d. ice hockey
e. football
Q:
In order to examine the role of religion in community life in Niger, West Africa, anthropologist Paul Stoller apprenticed with which of the following religious specialists?
a. priest
b. witch doctor
c. rabbi
d. witch
e. sorcerer
Q:
Anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard worked with the Azande peoples and studied which of the following topics in relation to religion?
a. ritual
b. magic
c. rites
d. ceremony
e. doctrine
Q:
Which of the following practices entails using spells, incantations, words, and actions in order to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways?
a. ritual
b. liminality
c. magic
d. doctrine
e. ideology
Q:
For ________, the key to the development of Western capitalism were ascetic values of self-denial and self-discipline.
a. Max Weber
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Karl Marx
d. Clifford Geertz
e. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Q:
Which of the following was a German sociologist, philosopher, and economist who believed that ideas rather than economics can be equally powerful in shaping society?
a. Marvin Harris
b. Max Weber
c. Karl Marx
d. Victor Turner
e. Emile Durkheim
Q:
Which of the following rites enacts a change of status from one life state to another, either for an individual or for a group?
a. rites of entry
b. rites of engagement
c. rites of passion
d. rites of enculturation
e. rites of passage
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity?
a. ritual
b. sacrifice
c. holiness
d. sainthood
e. worship
Q:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim defined which of the following as an alienation that individuals experience when faced with physical dislocation and the disruption of their social networks and group values?
a. habitus
b. communitas
c. anomie
d. hegemony
e. sacredness
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
a. People make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives on the basis of their religious beliefs.
b. In a globalized world, religion has very little to do with humans lives.
c. Anthropology's primary interest in religion is to discover its truth or falsity.
d. Religion is not lived out in a community, but rather in isolation.
e. Religious expression in a culture is universal, without local variations.
Q:
In a brief essay, describe three elements of a social movement. Provide examples to illustrate your description.
Q:
In a brief essay, describe three ways power is wielded outside the control of the state.
Q:
Describe the concept of hegemony, what does it does, and how it works. Provide an example.
Q:
The debate continues over whether human beings are naturally peaceful or violent. Discuss the possible foundations of human violence and the evidence presented, and evaluate the author's conclusion.
Q:
In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian Personal Status courts with great suspicion, and they often turn to the traditional Al Azhar Fatwa Council for guidance on important matters of daily life, even though their decisions are not legally binding. The Fatwa Council is an example of a(n):
a. religious institution.
b. independent court.
c. customary law structure.
d. common law organization.
e. alternative legal structure.
Q:
The Maasai people created their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an effort to represent them at negotiations and assert their political rights to resources and recognition with the Tanzanian government, which had largely ignored them. These are examples of a(n):
a. local service agency.
b. international aid society.
c. indigenous charity.
d. civil society organization.
e. advocating agency.
Q:
An organization that advocates for members of local communities and against uneven development and fights unfair state policies is referred to as a(n):
a. advocating agency.
b. civil society organization.
c. international aid society.
d. local support agency.
e. nonaligned charity.
Q:
A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities, is known as a(n):
a. civil society organization.
b. international aid society.
c. international corporation.
d. local support agency.
e. nonaligned charity.
Q:
The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements is called its:
a. cause clbre.
b. framing process.
c. rationalization.
d. social rationale.
e. vindication.
Q:
Modernization of agricultural production in Malaysia led to increasing inequality between the rich and the poor, but the poor laborers were able to find ways to resist the domination of the wealthy without risking confrontation through foot-dragging, slowdowns, false compliance with regulations, theft, sabotage, trickery, and arson. These are all examples of:
a. action.
b. agency.
c. clout.
d. drive.
e. initiative.
Q:
The potential power of the individual to challenge structures of power is referred to as:
a. agency.
b. authority.
c. clout.
d. influence.
e. leverage.
Q:
Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany by blaming minorities such as Jews and Gypsies for the countries problems and promoting the idea of German people as "bermench" or superior people, who were better than others. This made the idea of persecuting minorities seem natural and expanding German dominance over Europe like a reasonable course of action. This feeling of belonging and superiority is known as:
a. social cohesion.
b. patriotism.
c. nationalism.
d. fervor.
e. angst.
Q:
Development is best defined as:
a. a term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system.
b. a theory that predicts that former colonies would progress along the same lines as the industrialized nations.
c. a strategy by which wealthy nations would spur global economic growth by alleviating poverty by investing in former colonies.
d. a critique that argued that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations in the global economy had not changed.
e. a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial political and military control.
Q:
Globally, the movement toward independence from colonizing nations occurred:
a. in the early twenty-first century.
b. in the late 1700s.
c. in the mid-1800s.
d. in the late nineteenth century.
e. in the mid-twentieth century.