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Question
Identify any fallacies in the following passage either by naming them or, where they seem not to conform to any of the patterns described in the text, by giving a brief explanation of why the fallacious reasoning is irrelevant to the point at issue.
"I dont believe we ought to believe the so-called admissions of the Liggett and Myers Company. I think the only reason theyre now agreeing with tobacco critics about the addictive powers of nicotine and the nicotine-level manipulation by the company is to get themselves off the hook and avoid bigger trouble, even if it means getting the other tobacco companies into bigger trouble."
Answer
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Related questions
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Identify the moral perspective at work here:
At the supermarket, Vickie just ran her cart into a display of jars with jams and preserves, and now the aisle is full of broken glass and jam. She feels like leaving the store as quickly as possible. Is that an acceptable course of action?
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.You shouldn't have included that material on the exam. It was never mentioned in class.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Galileo's hypothesis should be suppressed. The biblical account in Ecclesiastes clearly states that the sun rises and sets and hastens to the place where it will rise again.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.In 1965, there were 47,000 road fatalities in the United States. By 1984, there were only 44,250 fatalities, but that is still far too many. The reductions between 1965 and 1984 were due primarily to federal requirements for motor vehicle safety. So, even stricter federal safety controls should be required.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.
"You shouldn't have criticized David so harshly; his mistake was a trivial one."
The severity of one's criticism should match the severity of the mistake criticized.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Dr. Shelby is getting away with charging outrageous fees because she is the only physician in town. She really ought to lower her rates so that she won't be taking advantage of the isolation of the community.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.Mortimer did the right thing when he decided to start a regular deduction from his paycheck on behalf of the United Way.
Q:
For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.
Q:
State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.
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State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.Allison's necklace is very old.
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State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.The sketches we got back from the designer were awful.
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State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value; or no value at all.The judge's decision was the right one, and everybody got just what they deserved.
Q:
Evaluate the following analogical argument:Look, I enjoyed my vacation in Tokyo. I'm sure I'm going to love living there as well.
Q:
Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45-60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat.
Identify the sample.
A. the overweight people who participated in the study
B. overweight people in general
C. overweight people in group A
D. overweight people in group B
Q:
Rachael has been hired by Mane, a fitness company, to see if their new fitness program is an effective method of reducing weight. She recruits 500 overweight people between the ages of 45-60 and randomly assigns them two groups. Group A consists of people who take part in Mane's fitness program for 5 hours a week, while group B consists of people who will undertake cardio and weight training, also 5 times a week. Both groups are instructed to maintain a balanced diet during the course of the experiment. After 3 months, Rachael finds that group A members have lost 10 percent of body fat, while group B members have lost 3 percent of body fat.
Identify the target population.
A. overweight people in general
B. the overweight people who participated in the study
C. overweight people in group A
D. overweight people in group B
Q:
Gwen plays basketball and soccer and has performed adequately in the two sports. She thinks she should learn a new sport. She expects to be adequate at it, given her performance in the other sports. Would her argument be stronger, weaker, or neither if she decided that she would undertake special training to excel at the new sport?
Q:
Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor:
"Barbara Sherwin, director of a research team at McGill University, found that a small quantity of the male hormone testosterone, in addition to estrogen, led to a spicier sex life for some postmenopausal women. Twenty-two of the McGill teams subjects were given 150 milligrams a month of testosterone with estrogen, 11 were given estrogen alone, and 11 took placebos. The testosterone group reported more desire and arousal and more frequent sexual thoughts than did the women in the other two groups. Though 17 percent of the testosterone recipients developed mild facial hair, this side effect receded when the dosage was reduced."
Q:
A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report."Exercise can temporarily disrupt a womans menstrual cycle, according to Boston University research published in the May 23 [1985] New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers monitored the daily hormone levels in 28 college women who did not exercise regularly and had a history of regular menstrual cycles. The women were then sent to summer camp and participated in a rigorous exercise programan initial 4-mile daily run, working up to 10 miles a day after five weeks, in addition to three and one-half hours daily of moderate sports such as biking or tennis. Only four, three of whom were on a high-calorie weight maintenance diet, had a normal menstrual cycle during that time. The researchers concluded that, regardless of whether the women lost weight, strenuous exercise disrupted their reproductive function. If very active women are having trouble getting pregnant, they probably should slow down intense exercise, says exercise physiologist Gary Skrinar of BU."Science News
Q:
A) Provide an informal analysis of the following passage; orB) in analyzing the passage, do the following:a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.b. Identify what kind of study it is.c. Describe the control and experimental groups.d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.e. Identify any problems in either the study or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report."You dont need to become a complete ascetic in order to lower your cholesterol levels. Scott M. Grundy of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas and his colleagues rotated nine men through two-month stints on each of three dietsthe American Health Association diet, in which a maximum of 30 percent of the calories come from fat; a 40 percent fat diet; and a 20 percent fat diet. The subjects average cholesterol level was 210 mg/dl on entry.""In all the men, the blood levels of total cholesterol and of the bad form of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, fell to around 175. There were no significant differences [in cholesterol levels of the men] on these three diets, Grundy says."Science News
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
Paul Tullius kept records for over a year about his cholesterol levels and his intake of fats and carbohydrates. He found that his cholesterol levels seemed to be influenced very little by the amount of fat he ate, but varied directly with his consumption of carbohydrates. The more of the latter he ate, the higher his cholesterol went. Conversely, when he cut back on the carbs, his cholesterol level dropped back below his usual numbers. He concluded that it was carbs that caused his cholesterol levels to be so high for several years.
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
Researchers in New Zealand discovered that the tiny dilly fish, which inhabit the countrys fresh water streams, apparently get either excited or afraid when water flows increase. During the course of three seasons they noticed that the small egg-layers swim faster and jump out of the water more frequently when water flows were higherthe more water that ran through the streams the more dilly fish theyd find stranded on the banks.
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
"Being happy and having a positive outlook may help people with heart disease avoid heart attacks and other health problems. Approximately one in five coronary heart disease patients is seriously depressed, so be on guard against depression in yourself and your loved ones."
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Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text."Of course he was outdoors Wednesday, Watson. Thats the only day there has been rain, and he had a good bit of dried mud on the heels of his boots."
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
Id wash the car but for the fact that we dont need any more rain.
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
"Four years ago, nonfat milk sold for 95 cents per half gallon. Today I paid $1.45 per half gallon at one of our low-priced supermarkets. Thats a 52 percent increase in just four years for an average of 13 percent per year, while the official government inflation rate is less than 3 percent. Why is this? Its not a coincidence that four years ago we got our first Republican governor in this state in a long time."
Q:
Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text.
Cheryl and her new acquaintance, Ted, have just walked into Target when she spots her former boyfriend, Lemmy. "Oh, for crying out loud," Cheryl thinks. "Why would he come into Target, of all places? I'm sure I must be being punished for something I did."
Q:
Evaluate the following generalization(s), identifying sample, population, attribute of interest, and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable. Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample; remember, whats important is that the sample be representative.Mnica is an excellent Spanish classical dancer. With a bit of practice, shed probably be a fine flamenco dancer as well.
Q:
Evaluate the following generalization(s), identifying sample, population, attribute of interest, and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable. Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample; remember, whats important is that the sample be representative.Hamilton City was considering annexing a portion of land adjacent to the city limits where construction of a subdivision was planned. To determine what the residents of the town thought about this annexation and about municipal growth in general, the city council had a poll taken. One thousand of the citys fifteen thousand registered voters were randomly selected and asked three questions: (1) Do you favor no growth, modest growth, or accelerated growth for Hamilton City? (2) Do you favor annexation of the eight-hundred-acre Osborne parcel north of town and its planned subdivision? (3) Should the city enter into agreements with developers promising to supply city services, such as sewers and street maintenance, in return for the added tax revenue the developers projects will produce? The results of this survey were taken to be the "official" opinion of the voters of Hamilton City.
Q:
Evaluate the following generalization(s), identifying sample, population, attribute of interest, and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable. Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample; remember, whats important is that the sample be representative.NEW YORK (AP)Women who read "bodice-rippers," a sexy, violent genre of historical romance novel, have sex 74 percent more often than nonreaders, according to a survey by two psychologists from the Emory Medical School in Atlanta, who interviewed 72 middle-class women in Atlanta, an equal number of them housewives, working women, and college students. Women who read the romances reported making love an average of 3.04 times a week, compared to 1.75 for nonreaders.
Q:
Evaluate the following generalization(s), identifying sample, population, attribute of interest, and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable. Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample; remember, whats important is that the sample be representative.