Identify any unnecessary and potentially offensive references to gender race or other

Question

Identify any unnecessary and potentially offensive references to gender, race, or other features in the following passage and, as necessary, rewrite the passage in neutral language.

General Colin Powell was the first black army officer to have achieved the chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

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Q: For the following, try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument. Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and, sometimes, an extra nonmoral claim as well. The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim.In 1965, there were 47,000 road fatalities in the United States. By 1984, there were only 44,250 fatalities, but that is still far too many. The reductions between 1965 and 1984 were due primarily to federal requirements for motor vehicle safety. So, even stricter federal safety controls should be required.

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Q: Evaluate the following analogical argument:Look, I enjoyed my vacation in Tokyo. I'm sure I'm going to love living there as well.

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Q: Gwen plays basketball and soccer and has performed adequately in the two sports. She thinks she should learn a new sport. She expects to be adequate at it, given her performance in the other sports. Would her argument be stronger, weaker, or neither if she decided that she would undertake special training to excel at the new sport?

Q: Analyze the following study according to the criteria set by your instructor: "Barbara Sherwin, director of a research team at McGill University, found that a small quantity of the male hormone testosterone, in addition to estrogen, led to a spicier sex life for some postmenopausal women. Twenty-two of the McGill teams subjects were given 150 milligrams a month of testosterone with estrogen, 11 were given estrogen alone, and 11 took placebos. The testosterone group reported more desire and arousal and more frequent sexual thoughts than did the women in the other two groups. Though 17 percent of the testosterone recipients developed mild facial hair, this side effect receded when the dosage was reduced."

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Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. Paul Tullius kept records for over a year about his cholesterol levels and his intake of fats and carbohydrates. He found that his cholesterol levels seemed to be influenced very little by the amount of fat he ate, but varied directly with his consumption of carbohydrates. The more of the latter he ate, the higher his cholesterol went. Conversely, when he cut back on the carbs, his cholesterol level dropped back below his usual numbers. He concluded that it was carbs that caused his cholesterol levels to be so high for several years.

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. Researchers in New Zealand discovered that the tiny dilly fish, which inhabit the countrys fresh water streams, apparently get either excited or afraid when water flows increase. During the course of three seasons they noticed that the small egg-layers swim faster and jump out of the water more frequently when water flows were higherthe more water that ran through the streams the more dilly fish theyd find stranded on the banks.

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. "Being happy and having a positive outlook may help people with heart disease avoid heart attacks and other health problems. Approximately one in five coronary heart disease patients is seriously depressed, so be on guard against depression in yourself and your loved ones."

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text."Of course he was outdoors Wednesday, Watson. Thats the only day there has been rain, and he had a good bit of dried mud on the heels of his boots."

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. Id wash the car but for the fact that we dont need any more rain.

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. "Four years ago, nonfat milk sold for 95 cents per half gallon. Today I paid $1.45 per half gallon at one of our low-priced supermarkets. Thats a 52 percent increase in just four years for an average of 13 percent per year, while the official government inflation rate is less than 3 percent. Why is this? Its not a coincidence that four years ago we got our first Republican governor in this state in a long time."

Q: Evaluate the following argument in accordance with the criteria discussed in the text. Cheryl and her new acquaintance, Ted, have just walked into Target when she spots her former boyfriend, Lemmy. "Oh, for crying out loud," Cheryl thinks. "Why would he come into Target, of all places? I'm sure I must be being punished for something I did."

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