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Question
In a given chemical reaction, if the free energy of formation is known for all of the reactants and each of the products, the change in free energy can be calculated for the reaction.Answer
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C) lesion.
D) pustule.
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The most common infectious disease(s) is/are
A) gonorrhea.
B) influenza.
C) hepatitis.
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Which disease causes over 1.6 million deaths per year worldwide, which is approximately 11% of all deaths related to infectious diseases?
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Which of the following is the causal agent of gastric ulcers?
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B) Escherichia coli O157:H7
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Which of the following statements about chlamydial infections is TRUE?
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B) Chlamydial diseases are less prevalent than gonorrhea.
C) Chlamydial diseases can lead to acute complications.
D) All of the statements are true.
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The Spanish flu of 1918 was caused by an ________ influenza virus.
A) H2N1
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D) H2N2
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Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the population that is immunized is less than 100% because
A) vectors can be controlled through other means.
B) most diseases lack reservoirs.
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In just over a decade of efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated smallpox by using worldwide
A) education campaigns.
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In 2003, the majority of AIDS deaths occurred in
A) South America.
B) North America.
C) Europe.
D) Sub-Saharan Africa.
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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population is the field of
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C) epidemiology.
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Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus) that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers generally have high ________ but low ________.
A) incidence / prevalence
B) prevalence / mortality
C) mortality / morbidity
D) morbidity / mortality
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Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that
A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate.
B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures.
C) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir.
D) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.
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Influenza pandemics occur cyclically because
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B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants.
C) the vector is seasonal.
D) there are environmental reservoirs that release the virus during particular seasons.
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B) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus.
C) are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic.
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The arrangement of Class II MHC proteins in pairs or trimers enhances their stability.
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________ ensures that each B cell produces only one immunoglobulin.
A) Self-activation
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Which of the following is involved in B cell selection and tolerance?
A) clonal anergy
B) clonal deletion
C) clonal anergy and deletion
D) allelic exclusion
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Clonal anergy is a state of
A) antibody production.
B) high energy.
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D) high energy and antibody production.
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An individual usually expresses ________ structurally distinct allele(s) that encode class I MHC proteins.
A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six