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Question
Is it possible to be both a relativist and, at the same time, accept the natural law view of ethics? Explain.
Answer
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According to utilitarian moral theory, happiness is an instrumental good.
a. True
b. False
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Both Bentham and Mill hold that some pleasures are better in kind than others.
a. True
b. False
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The following is an example of the reasoning of a rule utilitarian: "If the practice of lying is bad, then one ought not to lie now, even if in this case to lie would actually bring about better consequences."
a. True
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According to Mill, the only evidence we have that something is desirable in itself (as an end) is that people do, in fact, desire it.
a. True
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According to act utilitarianism, if it produces more net utility (or "happiness") to give money to famine relief, even though I had promised to payback a friend with that money, then I ought to give the money to the relief fund.
a. True
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What is akrasia?
a. Weakness of will.
b. A character in Plato's dialogues.
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d. A form of ethical egoism.
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Which of the following terms describes an economic system with minimal government regulation or intervention?
a. laissez-faire capitalism
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Q:
Which of the following is NOT an example of ethical egoism?
a. We should treat others well because we want to be treated well in return.
b. We should treat others well so they will treat others well.
c. We should work hard because a "job well done is its own reward."
d. We should work hard because doing so is a good model for our children.
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For psychological egoism to be valid, we must show that people
a. Act with an aim of achieving self-satisfaction.
b. Get self-satisfaction from their actions.
c. Use others in selfish ways.
d. Need to make other people happy.
Q:
According to individual ethical egoism one should
a. Ignore the needs of others.
b. Help others to help themselves.
c. Do what is in one's self interest.
d. Do what makes one happy at the moment.
Q:
According to psychological egoism people
a. Act in ways that are harmful to them.
b. Often act against their own self interests.
c. Act in the way they perceive to be best for them.
d. Act out of deep subconscious needs.
Q:
Ethical egoism is a descriptive theory.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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Cooperation cannot be explained from an egoistic perspective.
a. True
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Discuss the relevance of moral uncertainty to both the relativist and non-relativist positions. Why does the relativist claim that moral uncertainty leads to relativism? How does the non-relativist counter the relativist argument? Which position do you find most convincing?
Q:
Which of the following philosophers does your text describe as a proponent of perspectivism?
a. Nietzsche
b. Rawls
c. Nussbaum
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Q:
G.E. Moore held that goodness is a specific quality that attaches to people or acts. This is a form of
a. moral pluralism.
b. moral realism.
c. moral relativism.
d. subjectivism.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT among Nussbaum's "central capabilities?"
a. Life
b. Religion
c. Bodily integrity
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Q:
Social or cultural relativism holds that what is right is whatever one's society or culture holds to be right.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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If two people have the same moral values, then they will always reach the same conclusions about what is right and wrong.
a. True
b. False
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Weak forms of ethical relativism hold that there are objective moral principles, even though they will need to be applied differently in different contexts.
a. True
b. False
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After which major international conflict was the United Nations formed?
a. World War I.
b. The Boer War.
c. The Civil War.
d. World War II.
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The concept of a single moral community that is not bound to cultural or religious traditions is known as cosmopolitanism.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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According to Habermas, fundamentalism is incongruous with democratic society.
a. True
b. False
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The Golden Rule is followed by most of the world's major religions.
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Civil disobedience assumes it is permissible to violate a law that goes against your conscience.
a. True
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Students ought not to cheat on their ethics test because, if everyone cheated, then the test grades would not mean anything.
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According to the text, one reason why we study ethics is to see whether we can justify the beliefs we already hold.
a. True
b. False
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"People often find it difficult to do what they believe is right" is a normative statement.
a. True
b. False
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A dying patient asks that no more chemotherapy be given because it is doing nothing but prolonging her death, which is inevitable in a short time anyway.
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Which of the following considerations determines whether a measure is ordinary or extraordinary?
a. whether the measure is likely to benefit the patient
b. whether the measure represents common medical practice
c. whether the treatment is voluntary
d. whether the treatment is legal