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Question
Outline the three causes of hypertonicity (dehydration).Answer
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Related questions
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Describe how hydrogen ion secretion impacts acid-base balance.
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Discuss the drugs that affect sodium absorption.
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Bladder smooth muscle is richly supplied by __________ fibers, stimulation of which causes bladder contraction.
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Vasopressin is produced by several specific neuronal cell bodies in the __________ and then stored in the posterior __________ gland.
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The plasma clearance rate of a substance filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted, always equals the __________.
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The renal medulla is made up of striated structures called the renal __________.
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The micturition reflex is initiated when stretch receptors within the urethra are stimulated.
a. True
b. False
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Although vasopressin promotes H2O conservation by the body, it cannot halt urine production.
a. True
b. False
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The plasma clearance rate for a secreted substance is always less than the glomerular filtration rate.
a. True
b. False
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Hydrogen ions are only secreted by the proximal tubules.
a. True
b. False
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Plasma protein concentration can become extremely high in diabetes mellitus, a digestive disorder involving inadequate insulin action.
a. True
b. False
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Intrinsic control of GFR, which is mediated by parasympathetic nervous system input to the efferent arterioles, is aimed at long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure.
a. True
b. False
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The loop of Henle forms a sharp U-shaped or hairpin loop that surrounds the renal cortex.
a. True
b. False
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What does micturition mean?
a. The process of bladder emptying or urination
b. The process of filtration through the glomerulus
c. The acidification of urine
d. The final filtration of urine
e. A urinary bacterial infection
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What happens when the hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids is too low?
a. Oxygen absorption increases.
b. Hydrogen absorption increases.
c. Hydrogen absorption decreases.
d. Hydrogen secretion increases.
e. Hydrogen secretion decreases.
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The most prevalent ions secreted by the tubules are:
a. sodium and chloride
b. sodium and hydrogen
c. sodium and potassium
d. chloride and potassium
e. hydrogen and potassium
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The passive reabsorption of urea is indirectly linked to the active reabsorption of:
a. potassium
b. chloride
c. sodium
d. glucose
e. phosphorus
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How are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
a. primary passive transport
b. secondary passive transport
c. primary active transport
d. secondary active transport
e. simple diffusion
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What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a. internal regulation and intrinsic parasympathetic control
b. autoregulation and intrinsic sympathetic control
c. internal regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control
d. autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control
e. external regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control
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Gas exchange at both the pulmonary capillary and the tissue capillary levels involves simple __________ diffusion of O2 and CO2 down __________ pressure gradients.
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Emphysema is characterized by __________ of the smaller airways and breakdown of __________ walls.
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The major inspiratory musclesthe muscles that contract to accomplish an inspiration during quiet breathinginclude the __________ and __________ intercostal muscles.
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__________ is an inflammation of the pleural sac and leads to by painful breathing because each inflation and each deflation of the lungs cause a "friction rub."
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Because the amount of atmospheric air that reaches the alveoli and is actually available for exchange with blood is more important than the total amount breathed in and out, alveolar ventilation is more important than pulmonary ventilation.
a. True
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Inspiratory volume is the minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration.
a. True
b. False
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The lungs' elastic behavior results from elastin fibers and alveolar surface tension.
a. True
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Beyond the larynx, the trachea divides into two main branches, the right and left bronchi.
a. True
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Hiccups occur when involuntary, spasmodic contractions take place in what muscle?
a. chest muscles
b. abdominal muscles
c. intercostal muscles
d. bronchioles
e. diaphragm
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Generation of respiratory rhythm is now known to lie in the:
a. medullary respiratory center
b. pneumotaxic center
c. respiratory modulator
d. pre-Btzinger complex
e. apneustic center
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The most important factor determining the percentage of hemoglobin saturation is the:
a. systemic blood pressure
b. diastolic blood pressure
c. pH of the blood
d. PCO2 of the blood
e. PO2 of the blood