Q&A Hero

Q: Parul believes that her culture and country know how to do things best and she looks down on the cultural habits of other countries. What is Parul exhibiting? A) differentiation B) marketing myopia C) ethnocentrism D) multiculturalism E) pluralism

Q: In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development do infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects? A. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity B. Coordination of primary circular reactions C. Coordination of secondary circular reactions D.

Q: Which substage of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of vision and touchhand-eye coordination? A. Coordination of primary circular reactions B. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity C. Internalization of schemes D.

Q: In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results? A. First habits and primary circular reactions B. Simple reflexes C. Secondary circular reactions D.

Q: In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development does the infant's main focus remain on his or her own body? A. Coordination of secondary circular reactions B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity D.

Q: Josh is three months old. In which of Jean Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development is Josh? A. Simple reflexes B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity D.

Q: People seldom stop to think about a reaction; they simply react. Thus, when faced with a problem in another culture, their tendency is to react instinctively and refer to their ________ for a solution. A) self-space principle B) segregation principle C) integration criterion D) space command criterion E) self-reference criterion

Q: Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors? A. Conditioned reflexes B. First habits and primary circular reactions C. Simple reflexes D.

Q: The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth. A. first habits and primary circular reactions B. simple reflexes C. secondary circular reactions D.

Q: Alice who is three weeks old is in the _____ substage of Piaget's sensorimotor development; she will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips. A. simple reflexes B. first habits C. secondary circular reactions D.

Q: Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage of development into _____ substages. A. two B. three C. five D.

Q: ________ is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. A) Xenocentrism B) Holism C) Self-reference criterion D) Segregation E) Orientalism

Q: The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth to about: A. six months of age. B. eight months of age. C. one year of age. D.

Q: According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, what makes one stage more advanced than another? A. When a child is able to stand and walk B. When a child understands the world differently C. When a child is older D.

Q: Jean Piaget believed that children's thinking in one stage is _____ that in another stage. A. qualitatively different from B. quantitatively different from C. qualitatively similar to D.

Q: For cognitive change to occur, identify the two processes that must work in concert as the child experiences considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium. A. Equilibration and categorization B. Amalgamation and organization C. Assimilation and accommodation D.

Q: When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____. A. equilibration B. assimilation C. organization D.

Q: A natural off shoot of a person's self-reference criterion is ________ that also creates a concern for the international marketer. A) sympathy B) self-actualization C) ethnocentrism D) empathy E) collectivism

Q: Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide fat container into a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container, it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sand came from, and how it got into his container. As Trenton continues to try to solve this puzzle, he experiences considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ to produce cognitive change. A. equilibrium; disequilibrium B. adaptation; organization C. classification; modification D.

Q: Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called _____. A. assimilation B. equilibration C. organization D.

Q: Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ to fit new information into his existing scheme. A. accommodated B. assimilated C. amalgamated D.

Q: Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food she must suck on her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example of _____. A. accommodation B. assimilation C. amalgamation D.

Q: Adaptation on the part of an international marketer is best described as A) a conscious effort to make themselves aware of the home cultural reference in their analyses and decision making. B) a conscious effort to anticipate the influences of both the foreign and domestic uncontrollable factors on a marketing mix and then to adjust the marketing mix to minimize the effects. C) the notion that people in one's own company or country know best how to do things. D) the process of identifying the similarities that exists between the domestic and foreign markets. E) an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions and then to adjust the marketing mix in order to closely reflect these decisions.

Q: Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme. A. amalgamated B. accommodated C. assimilated D.

Q: _____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account. A. Adaptation B. Accommodation C. Assimilation D.

Q: Benji starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____. A. amalgamation B. accommodation C. assimilation D.

Q: Alejandro is 3 years old. He is now able to sort his blocks by color. Alejandro has developed: A. a new behavioral scheme. B. a new mental scheme. C. object permanence. D.

Q: Which scenario best illustrates the political and legal issues faced by companies because of their "alien status" when they attempt to do business in foreign countries? A) a company doing moderate business in international markets because of violent history of its home country B) a company being forced by the local government to share its core competencies in order to continue doing business C) a product not being widely accepted in the foreign market because of its irrelevance to the customers D) a company utilizing an identical promotional campaign it used in the domestic country E) a company not succeeding in a foreign market because its product pricing is above the purchasing power of the local customers

Q: According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a: A. mental scheme. B. mental adaptation. C. behavioral adaptation. D.

Q: According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of: A. mental schemes. B. mental adaptations. C. behavioral adaptations. D.

Q: Schemes refer to: A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge. C. groups of behaviors. D.

Q: Jean Piaget believed that children: A. actively construct their own cognitive world. B. passively react to their environments. C. absorb their knowledge from the environment. D.

Q: For years, debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant than bottle-feeding. The growing consensus is that: A. breast-feeding is better for the baby's health. B. bottle-feeding is better for the baby's health. C. breast-feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle-feeding is better for the baby's health. D.

Q: The uncontrollable issue of ________ faced by a company abroad is often amplified by the "alien status" of the company, which increases the difficulty of properly assessing and forecasting the dynamic international business climate. A) research B) channel of distribution C) product specification D) politics E) product promotion

Q: A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds documented that: A. many parents in the U.S. are feeding their babies too many fruits and not enough vegetables. B. parents in the U.S. are feeding their babies fruits and vegetables, and very little junk food. C. by 1 year, bananas were the most common fruit that babies ate. D.

Q: Bo, two months old, weighs 10 pounds. His father wants to know how many calories he should be consuming every day. What would you tell him? A. 100 calories B. 200 calories C. 500 calories D.

Q: Baby Yoshi has a condition that is a risk factor for SIDS. Sometimes, she has a temporary cessation of breathing in which her airway is completely blockedusually for 10 seconds or longer. This condition is known as _____. A. parasomnia B. arrhythmia C. sleep apnea D.

Q: Of the following infants, who is most at risk for SIDS? A. Mimi; her mother smokes B. Grace; she was born weighing more than most babies C. Megumi; she uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep D.

Q: Shondra McDonald, a marketing manager at a hearing aid manufacturing firm, is asked to review the marketing opportunities of her company in a foreign market. She is aware that she can modify certain elements of the marketing environment to suit the foreign market needs. She focuses her attention on the uncontrollable factors that might affect the firm's business prospects. Which of the following uncontrollable elements is most likely to affect the company's business prospects in the foreign market? A) pricing policies in the domestic market B) research methodologies used by her company C) promotional activities required to market the product D) level of technology in the targeted market E) product distribution channels adopted by his company

Q: Which of the following statements is true about SIDS? A. It is the lowest cause of infant deaths in the United States. B. Its level of risk is high at 36 to 48 months of age for infants. C. It usually occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason. D.

Q: Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? A. Malachi, who is four weeks old B. Tyrell, who is six weeks old C. Chaz, who is three months old D.

Q: Since 1992, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended that _____ to reduce the risk of SIDS. A. parents practice shared sleeping with their infants B. infants be placed to sleep on their backs C. babies be fed on demand instead of on schedule D.

Q: Which of the following conditions is the highest cause of infant death in the United States, with nearly 3,000 infant deaths annually attributed to it? A. Shaken baby syndrome B. Sudden infant death syndrome C. Down syndrome D.

Q: Amira is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about _____. A. shaken baby syndrome B. sudden infant death syndrome C. Down syndrome D.

Q: M&G Inc., a company producing musical instruments, had dominated its home market for several years before venturing into international markets. The company was focusing more on international operations until Beige N, a German company in the same business, entered its home market. Beige N started selling good quality products at prices much lower than M&G's and affected its sales adversely. Which of the following elements in the marketing environment has affected the business of M&G Inc. with the market entry of Beige N? A) level of technology B) structure of distribution C) competition in the domestic market D) cultural forces E) promotion of the product

Q: The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS) (2000) recommends against: A. children sleep on their backs. B. breast feeding. C. shared sleeping. D.

Q: Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? A. When infants are 3 months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase. B. Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep. C. REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy. D.

Q: Approximately what percentage of an infant's sleep is REM sleep? A. 50 percent B. 25 percent C. 5 percent D.

Q: Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to: A. parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with their infant. B. extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise. C. intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother. D.

Q: Angelica Wu is preparing a marketing plan for her company for the upcoming year's business activities. She knows that she should begin her plan by examining the variables she has some control over. These controllable variables would include price, product, channels-of-distribution, and A) level of technology. B) political forces. C) competition. D) economic climate. E) promotion.

Q: The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is _____. A. nighttime waking B. sleepwalking C. sudden infant death syndrome D.

Q: By _____ of age, babies would usually have moved closer to adult-like sleep patterns. A. one month B. two months C. six months D.

Q: Similar to the epigenetic view, the _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development. A. neuroconstructivist B. dynamic systems C. genetic D.

Q: Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain or rewires it after birth is: A. genetic makeup. B. DNA. C. repeated experience. D.

Q: A. the brain is both flexible and resilient. B. myelination varies in different areas of the brain. C. the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible. D. the brain can adapt and function only when whole.

Q: Compared to the foreign environment variables, which of the following uncontrollable variables is least likely to affect a domestic marketer? A) political forces B) competitive structure C) economic climate D) cultural forces E) legal forces

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE about the pace of myelination in the brain? A. Myelination for visual pathways occurs early in prenatal development and is completed at birth. B. Myelination for auditory pathways is completed by the end of the second year of life. C. The frontal lobes are fully mature in the newborn. D.

Q: The frontal lobes are _____ in the newborn. A. well-developed B. immature C. overactive D.

Q: The adult density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is achieved in: A. infancy. B. early childhood. C. late childhood. D.

Q: The _____ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur. A. visual cortex B. myelin sheath C. prefrontal cortex D.

Q: Kelly Reeves is in charge of a new marketing effort directed toward Peru. In order for her company to market effectively and distribute to all of Peru's major cities, Kelly must devise a logistics plan for crossing the Andes Mountains on a daily basis. Which of these foreign environment uncontrollable variables would be a chief concern as Kelly devises her firm's logistics plan? A) price B) product C) geography and infrastructure D) promotional strategies E) channels of distribution

Q: The peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ takes place at around one year of age. A. prefrontal cortex B. spinal cord C. visual cortex D.

Q: The peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ occurs at about the fourth postnatal month. A. spinal cord B. prefrontal cortex C. visual cortex D.

Q: When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as "_____". A. pruning B. myelination C. paring D.

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE of how neurons change in the first years of life? A. Synaptic connections begin to develop only after birth. B. Myelination begins prenatally and stops at birth. C. The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. D.

Q: The marketing tasks of an international marketer differ from that of a domestic marketer as the A) international marketer has fewer uncontrollable elements to deal than a domestic marketer. B) level of technology and cultural forces are controllable elements for the international marketer. C) structure of distribution is an uncontrollable element for the international marketer. D) competitive structure is one of the controllable factors for an international marketer. E) international marketer is less concerned about geography and infrastructure than the domestic marketer.

Q: A message in the brain is "ferried" across the synapse by a _____, which pours out information contained in chemicals when it crosses the synapses. A. myelin sheath B. dendrite C. neurotransmitter D.

Q: Chemical interactions in ____ connect axons and dendrites, allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron. A. nephrons B. synapses C. neurotransmitters D.

Q: _____ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers. A. Neurilemma B. Myelin sheaths C. Neurotransmitters D.

Q: _____ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells. A. Myelination B. Lateralization C. Habituation D.

Q: ________ is a controllable element in both domestic and international marketing environments. A) Economic climate B) Competition within the home country C) Price of products D) Political force E) Foreign policy

Q: Which of the following is involved in providing energy to neurons and aids communication? A. Perception B. Lateralization C. Myelination D.

Q: A(n) _____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons, and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon. A. myelin sheath B. astrocyte C. dendrite D.

Q: The fiber that carries signals toward the neuron's cell body is called a(n): A. axon. B. dendrite. C. neurotransmitter. D.

Q: The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n): A. axon. B. dendrite. C. neurotransmitter. D.

Q: When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize? A. Before birth B. At birth C. At seven days of age D.

Q: Most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve: A. the spinal cord. B. only the right hemisphere. C. both hemispheres. D.

Q: With respect to the environment in which a business operates, factors such as competition, political and legal forces, and economic climate would all be classified as A) controllable elements. B) uncontrollable elements. C) tractable elements. D) demographic elements. E) cultural elements.

Q: Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? A. Complex thinking is mostly carried out by the right hemisphere, while the left hemisphere typically deals with motor control. B. Logical thinkers are usually "left-brained". C. Creative thinkers are usually "right-brained". D.

Q: Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is called _____. A. linearity B. mastery C. lateralization D.