Q&A Hero

Q: A company in the "no direct foreign marketing" stage of international marketing involvement does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries.

Q: Perceptual constancy is reflected when: A. sensory stimulation remains constant, but perception of the world changes. B. sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant. C. constant sensory stimulation receives a constant perceptual response. D.

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE about an infant's color vision? A. It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth. B. Its development is independent of the experience of an infant. C. Its development, in part, reflects maturation. D.

Q: Sheena would like to hang a picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following is likely to attract the most attention from the infant? A. A bright red circle B. A drawing of a normal face C. A drawing of a scrambled face D.

Q: The technique of _____ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability. A. orienting B. spotting C. visual preference D.

Q: A technique that can be used to determine if an infant can see or hear is the _____ response, which involves turning one's head toward a sight or sound. A. orienting B. stimulus C. tracking D.

Q: Traditional manufacturing companies possess the most favorable factors for doing business internationally.

Q: Which of the following methods is often used by researchers to assess an infant's attention to sound? A. Orienting response and tracking B. High-amplitude sucking C. Habituation and dishabituation D.

Q: Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looks away no longer interested. This would indicate that he is habituated to it and is showing a(n) _____ to the stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus. A. decreased responsiveness B. increased familiarity C. increased interest D.

Q: Baby Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Fantz' research, which drawing would she probably prefer to look at? A. The white oval B. The face C. The blue square D.

Q: Fantz' research methodstudying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuliis referred to as the: A. habituation and dishabituation method. B. orienting response and tracking method. C. visual preference method. D.

Q: The most effective approach to build global awareness into an organization is to increase the diversity mix of the employee profile for entry-level jobs.

Q: The newborn's vision is estimated to be _____ on the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations. A. 20/20 B. 20/40 C. 20/80 D.

Q: In the Gibsons' view, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities. A. allowances B. aptitudes C. abilities D.

Q: Your professor says that our perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. This indicates that he holds a(n) _____ view on perceptual development. A. ethological B. ecological C. evolutionary D.

Q: The theorists who developed the ecological view of perceptual development in infancy are: A. Arnold Gesell and Jean Piaget. B. Virginia Satir and Jay Haley. C. Eleanor and James Gibson. D.

Q: Family reference and upbringing provides a complete basis for understanding one's culture and no additional study is required to become aware of cultural norms and activities.

Q: Fantz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He most likely holds a(n) _____ perspective. A. ethological B. ecological C. evolutionary D.

Q: The interpretation of sensory information is called _____. A. sensation B. reception C. perception D.

Q: _____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptorsthe eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. A. Sensation B. Perception C. Reception D.

Q: In the "sticky mittens" research project, it was found that: A. the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier. B. the infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster. C. both groups developed grasping skills at the same pace. D.

Q: To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that emphasizes the need for ethnocentrism.

Q: Four-month-old infants rely greatly on _____ to determine how they will grip an object; 8-month-olds are more likely to use _____ as a guide. A. touch; vision B. their caregivers; their own experiences C. vision; touch D.

Q: Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed the: A. palmer grasp. B. pincer grip. C. Moro reflex. D.

Q: Six-month-old Carson grabs for a toy using his whole hand. He is demonstrating a: A. palmer grasp. B. pincer grip. C. Moro reflex. D.

Q: Reaching in four-month-old infants is guided by: A. keeping their limbs in sight. B. touch. C. cues from muscles, tendons, and joints. D.

Q: Renata just ate cookies and, therefore, feels justified in refusing food offered by her Middle Eastern host. In this instance, Renata's self-reference criterion has just saved her from making a cultural blunder.

Q: When four-year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and spoon, she is demonstrating her: A. rooting reflex. B. fine motor skills. C. Moro reflex. D.

Q: Nadine's doctor is assessing her fine motor skills. This means that her doctor is going to look at her ability to: A. coordinate large muscle activity like walking. B. maintain fine balance on a beam. C. perform finely tuned movements like using a pencil. D.

Q: Caleb is 14 months old. Which of the following activities would you expect that Caleb might be able to do? A. Climb up steps using his hands and legs B. Stand and throw a ball C. Run D.

Q: _____ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing. A. Posture B. Cognitive development C. Alignment D.

Q: The self-reference criterion is closely related to collectivismor the importance of the group.

Q: What is the foundation needed for gross motor skills to develop? A. A developed muscular system B. Cognitive skills C. Postural control D.

Q: _____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one's arms and walking. A. Fine B. Gross C. Learned D.

Q: Which of the following statements about reflexes is true? A. Reflexive behavior is identical among babies. B. Some reflexes persist through life. C. All reflexes have survival value today. D.

Q: Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs. A. Moro B. rooting C. grasping D.

Q: When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in a _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast. A. Moro B. sucking C. rooting D.

Q: John refuses to buy Japanese products because he considers this as a way of selling out to a nation that was once our enemy. John is using a self-reference criterion to make his decision.

Q: _____ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control. A. Instincts B. Reflexes C. Impulses D.

Q: Kyle and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby's favorite toy and place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy and will, thus, result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent with the _____ systems view of development. A. maturational B. evolutionary C. static D.

Q: The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infant's problems is known as the _____ systems theory. A. dynamic B. maturational C. static D.

Q: Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through: A. repeated experiences. B. the unfolding of a genetic plan. C. positive reinforcement. D.

Q: The developmentalist who believed that motor skills development comes about through maturation is: A. Dr. Konrad Lorenz. B. Dr. Benjamin Spock. C. Dr. T. Berry Brazelton. D.

Q: A foreign company is always subject to the political whims of the local government to a greater degree than a domestic firm.

Q: Some people take Baruti's swollen belly to be a sign that he is well-fed and healthy. However, he suffers from a condition that causes his abdomen and feet to swell with water. Baruti's thin, brittle, and colorless hair; swollen feet and stomach; and listless behavior are all tell-tale signs that he suffers from: A. Kwashiorkor. B. Marasmus. C. Binswanger's disorder. D.

Q: Shalinis doctor is concerned that she might have _____, a life-threatening condition caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency, or malnutrition, that has resulted in a wasting away of her body tissues in her first year. She is now grossly underweight and her muscles have atrophied. A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. Binswanger's disorder D.

Q: Children with _____ sometimes appear to be well fed even though they are not because the disease can cause the child's abdomen and feet to swell with water. A. marasmus B. yellow fever C. kwashiorkor D.

Q: Pedro is 2 years of age. His parents take him to the doctor because he has swelling in his feet and abdomen, and has brittle hair. His doctor tells his parents that he has a condition known as _____, which is caused by severe protein deficiency. A. yellow fever B. beriberi C. jaundice D.

Q: The uncontrollable elements of the foreign business environment include the culture.

Q: Yasmine was born in Honduras, and has a medical condition that causes her vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present and deprive other parts of the body of them. This condition, known as _____, often has the telltale sign of a greatly expanded abdomen. A. beriberi B. kwashiorkor C. marasmus D.

Q: Marasmus and kwashiorkor are two life-threatening conditions that can result from: A. genetic abnormalities. B. allergic reactions to milk. C. malnutrition. D.

Q: In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby? A. If she has AIDS B. If she is suffering from postpartum depression C. If the baby has low birth weight D.

Q: In which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother NOT breast feed? A. If the mother plans to return to full-time work soon B. If the mother has active tuberculosis C. If the mothers age is 40 or older D.

Q: The political/legal environment is a controllable element for international marketers because of their potent ability to lobby and influence legislation in foreign markets.

Q: Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn. Research conclusively indicates that breast-feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother, including a: A. speedy return to pre-pregnancy weight. B. reduced risk of osteoporosis. C. reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer. D.

Q: Briefly describe postpartum depression. What are some of the symptoms that distinguish it from a more typical case of baby blues? Based on the text and class, what would you consider the two effective treatment methods for postpartum depression? After giving birth, some women have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks in the postpartum period. This emotional state is termed as postpartum depression. Several antidepressant drugs are effective in treating postpartum depression and appear to be safe for breast feeding women. Psychotherapy, especially cognitive therapy, is effective in easing postpartum depression for many women. Also, engaging in regular exercise may help in treating postpartum depression.

Q: Bronwyn is interested in using non-medical techniques to assist her in dealing with pain during childbirth. Based on the text and class discussion, what are the two best options available to her and why?

Q: Naia's doctor has told her that because her baby has not turned, he would like to perform a cesarean delivery. What can Naia expect to happen? A cesarean delivery is a surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. Normally, the baby's head comes through the vagina first. But if the baby is in a breech position, the baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina. In one of every 25 deliveries, the baby's head is still in the uterus when the rest of the body is out. Breech births can cause respiratory problems. As a result, if the baby is in a breech position, a cesarean delivery is usually performed.

Q: Name three different types of drugs that are used during labor. Illustrate your answer with examples. Three basic kinds of drugs that are used during labor are analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin/pitocin. Analgesics are used to relieve pain. Tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics can all be used to relieve pain. Anesthesia is used in late first-stage labor and the expulsion of the baby to block sensation in an area of the body, or to block consciousness. An epidural block is a regional anesthetic commonly used in childbirth. Oxytocin is a synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions; pitocin is the most widely used oxytocin.

Q: The political details and the ramifications of political and legal events are often more transparent in a domestic situation than they are in a foreign market.

Q: Xiomara is considering hiring a doula to help with childbirth. What is a doula and how is they different from midwives? Doula is a Greek word that means "a woman who helps". A doula is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth. Doulas remain with the parents throughout labor, assessing and responding to the mother's needs. In the United States, most doulas work as independent providers hired by the expectant parents. Doulas typically function as part of a "birthing team", serving as an adjunct to the midwife or the hospital's obstetric staff.

Q: What is AIDS? Describe the modes and effects of transmission from the mother to the child. AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's immune system. A mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS in three ways: (1) during gestation across the placenta, (2) during delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids, and (3) postpartum (after birth) through breast feeding. The transmission of AIDS through breast feeding is especially a problem in many developing countries. Babies born to HIV-infected mothers can be (1) infected and symptomatic (show HIV symptoms), (2) infected but asymptomatic (not show HIV symptoms), or (3) not infected at all. An infant who is infected and asymptomatic may still develop HIV symptoms up until 15 months of age.

Q: Teji's doctor is testing her Rh factor to determine compatibility. Based on the test results, the mother and fetus are incompatible. Give a brief description of Rh incompatibility and discuss the dangers associated with it. Incompatibility between the mother's and father's blood type poses a risk to prenatal development. If a pregnant woman is Rh-negative and her partner is Rh-positive, the fetus may be Rh-positive. If the fetus' blood is Rh-positive and the mother's is Rh-negative, the mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus. This can result in any number of problems, including miscarriage or stillbirth, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage, or death soon after birth.

Q: Describe the effect of alcohol on pregnancy. What is FAS? What are some of the problems children with FAS face? Heavy drinking by pregnant women can be devastating to their offspring. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. The abnormalities include facial deformities and defective limbs, face, and heart. Most children with FASD have learning problems, and many are below average in intelligenceincluding some that are mentally retarded.

Q: Political and legal issues a company may face abroad are mitigated by the "alien status" of the company.

Q: Define a teratogen and illustrate your answer with an example. List at least six teratogens one should avoid during pregnancy.

Q: Describe the three main periods of prenatal development, and the major steps for developing into a person for each stage. Typical prenatal development can be divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. The first period is called the germinal period. During this time, the zygote is created, cell division takes place, and the zygote attaches to the uterine wall. The second period is called the embryonic period. During this time, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. The embryo is composed of the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Life-support systems form. These include the placenta, the umbilical cord, and the amnion. Organogenesis (the process of organ formation) takes place. The third period is called the fetal period. During this time, dramatic growth and development occur. The mother can feel leg movements. The sex of the baby can be determined.

Q: Identify the formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth.

Q: Tadi lives in a community where women generally keep both preterm and postterm babies close for skin to skin contact. This is called _____ in the U.S.

Q: Level of technology typically remains unchanged across countries, making it a fairly controllable factor in international marketing.

Q: Identify the test that is given to the neonate within 24 to 36 hours after birth. It is designed to assess a newborn's neurological development and reflexes.

Q: Veronica is one week from her due date when her doctor tells her that the baby hasn't turned yet, meaning he is in the _____.

Q: Justus and Rochelle are taking prenatal classes that involve a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, and a detailed anatomy and physiology course. On which obstetrician's work is this method based?

Q: Sergios wife is pregnant, but he smokes all the time inside the house. Cigarette smoke has been known to cause birth defects and negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes in unborn babies. Sergio is exposing his child to which type of agent?

Q: The process of evaluating the uncontrollable elements in an international marketing program may involve cultural, political, and economic shock.

Q: Identify the process that takes place at approximately 6 to 24 weeks after conception, involves cells moving from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain. Neuronal migration

Q: Identify the life-support systems of the embryo, where a group of disk-shaped tissues and small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine. Placenta

Q: Identify the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo.

Q: Identify the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. During this time, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear.

Q: Michael and Jessica are having their first child, and have told their physician they would like a rooming-in arrangement. This means that: A. Michael can stay overnight in Jessica's room. B. Jessica's hospital room will be more like a nursery. C. Jessica's baby will stay in her room. D.