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Question
Pick two (2) of the examples from question #3 and indicate specifically how the signal you indicated in your answer is altering the pathway listed. For each example, write a one-sentence answer that includes the condition, the signals, the mechanism, the protein/ enzyme, the tissue, and the result (all underlined in the example below).Example: Under fed conditions, high blood glucose leads to insulin secretion by the pancreas, which in turn induces expression of the key glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase in all cells, thereby increasing glycolysis.
Answer
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Related questions
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Flavonoids are phytochemicals that can function in the body as
a. free radicals.
b. saponins.
c. antioxidants.
d. conjugates.
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Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of the production of short-chain fatty acids.
Q:
Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. phosphorus
d. magnesium
Q:
Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high?
a. sulphur
b. phosphorus
c. sodium
d. potassium
Q:
Incidence of hypertension in populations is considered predictable by _____.
a. serum sodium concentration
b. urinary sodium excretion
c. average daily sodium intake
d. sodium filtration rate by the kidney
Q:
A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is:
a. blood urea nitrogen.
b. creatinine.
c. homeostatic ion regulation.
d. anion gap.
Q:
In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?
a. ascending loop of Henle
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting ducts
d. proximal tubule
Q:
Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?
a. vasopressin
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. aldosterone
d. angiotensin II
Q:
Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. androsterone
d. adrenocortical
Q:
Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. total body water
d. glomerular filtrate
Q:
Why are vitamins A and E said to be antagonists of vitamin K?
Q:
Although for micronutrients increasing the amount of a protein by directly inducing gene expression is certainly a common mechanism, we have encountered other mechanisms by which vitamins can regulate proteins. Provide one example of posttranslational modification, being as specific as possible.
Q:
The absorbed carotenoids that enter the liver can follow three routes: _____, _____ and _____.
Q:
The active form of vitamin A that regulates cell differentiation through gene expression is _____.
Q:
The 2 forms of naturally occurring provitamin D are: _____ and _____.
Q:
Match each vitamer with its function.Vitamer1) 11-cis retinal2) retinoic acid3) alpha-tocopherol4) calcitriol5) hydroquinone (KH2)Functiona. interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin b. required for carboxylation of glutamic acid c. needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells d. transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins e. donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
Q:
Which is the best measure of vitamin K status?a. des--carboxyglutamic prothrombinb. prothrombin timec. INRd. PTH concentration
Q:
Which fat-soluble vitamin appears to operate as a coenzyme that modifies proteins to bind with calcium?a. Ab. -carotenec. Ed. K
Q:
For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
Q:
Which vitamin is associated with improved plasma membrane structure and glucose transport/metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
Q:
Which fat-soluble vitamin has as its principal function the maintenance of membrane integrity?
a. vitamin D
b. vitamin E
c. vitamin A
d. vitamin K
Q:
A genetic deficiency in _____ leads to a vitamin E deficiency syndrome.
a. RRR alpha-tocopherol
b. gamma-tocotrienol
c. tocopherol carrier protein in the jejunum
d. alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver
Q:
Who discovered vitamin E?
a. Evans and Bishop
b. McCollum and Davis
c. Mellanby and Hopkins
d. Simon and Garfunkel
Q:
In assessing the vitamin D status of an individual, which measure would you use?
a. circulating 25-OH cholecalciferol
b. circulating 1,25-OH2 cholecalciferol
c. circulating cholecalciferol
d. serum calcium levels
Q:
If asked about the relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease, the best information for a dietetic professional to provide is:
a. the evidence does not support a relationship at this time.
b. the evidence is only in animals, not humans.
c. some evidence suggests a protective effect of vitamin D.
d. take a supplement containing 2000 IU vitamin D each day.
Q:
Which is the best technique to assess status of vitamin A liver stores?
a. serum retinol levels
b. the relative dose response
c. clinical eye examinations
Q:
Which is NOT related to the functions of vitamin A?
a. neurological function
b. growth
c. immunity
d. cell differentiation
Q:
Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?
a. riboflavin
b. vitamin K
c. vitamin E
d. vitamin A
Q:
When ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid it has _____.
a. lost 2 electrons
b. lost 1 electron
c. gained 2 electrons
d. gained 1 electron
Q:
Nutrients can be used to compensate for some gaps in our DNA. For example:a. Individuals with a change in the base sequence for the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene can correct the sequence of bases by eating a lot of phenylalanine.b. Obese individuals can lose body weight by eating fewer calories than they expend.c. Omega-3 fatty acids can up-regulate genes encoding for fat oxidation.d. Individuals with a polymorphism that decreases activity of a folate-metabolizing enzyme, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, may have more elevated plasma homocysteine than those with a normal enzyme while more folate intake can normalize plasma homocysteine for those with this polymorphism.