Question

Rock varnishes consist of natural accretions of manganese and iron oxides with organic matter from microscopic plant debris which accumulate on rock surfaces, and are metabolized and cemented into a varnish through bacterial action. This rock varnish may be analyzed using
a) the ratio of stable carbon isotopes 12 and 13
b) the ratio of nitrogen isotopes 15 and 14
c) the ratio of plant DNA relative to modern conditions of plant debris
d) the ratio of oxygen isotopes
e) ultraviolet spectroscopy

Answer

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