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Question
Some progressive neurological disorders can be caused by viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the herpes simplex virus.
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Related questions
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Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.
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Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.
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The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test? a. One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups. b. The primary measures of this test are response latencies. c. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories. d. Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.
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Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala? a. They do not produce a full range of facial expressions. b. They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race. c. They are unable to recognize emotional prosody. d. All of the above.
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The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the __________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the __________. a. lateral nucleus ; central nucleus b. central nucleus ; lateral nucleus c. lateral geniculate nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus d. medial geniculate nucleus ; lateral geniculate nucleus
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John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on parallel systems for emotional responses and their conscious identification? a. cognitive interpretation theory b. constructivist theories c. evolutionary theories d. LeDouxs high road and low road theory
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Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.
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Korsakoffs syndrome is associated with alcoholism.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain? a. NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP. b. NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present. c. NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. d. NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.
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Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)? a. The amount of LTP would increase. b. The amount of LTP would decrease. c. The amount of LTP would not change. d. The amount of LTP would first decrease, then increase.
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Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter __________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors. a. GABA b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. glutamate
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Of the following choices, damage to the __________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory. a. parietaloccipital cortex b. medial temporal lobe c. hippocampus d. perisylvian region
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One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that a. it controls the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad. b. it is not linked to a single modality. c. it operates primarily over visual information. d. it operates primarily over auditory information.
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George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about __________ items in short-term memory at a time. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine
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The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: __________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, and then __________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created. a. consolidation ; storage b. storage ; retrieval c. retrieval ; acquisition d. acquisition ; consolidation
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A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that cant be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.
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With time, people who experience a hemiplegia typically experience a full recovery.
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In performing a sequence of complex actions, such as playing the piano, each movement is planned primarily in relation to the immediately preceding and subsequent movements.
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Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping ones eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements. a. the spinocerebellum b. the vestibulocerebellum c. the neocerebellum d. the dentate nucleus
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Once a brain-machine interface (BMI) takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rats lever-pressing rate change? a. There will be no change. b. Lever-pressing will slightly increase. c. Lever-pressing will slightly decrease. d. Lever-pressing will eventually stop.
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After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be a. agnosia. b. apraxia. c. anomia. d. akinetopsia.
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With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the a. summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including cells that are tuned to all directions. b. summed activity of the neurons in the motor cortex, including only cells that are tuned to the same preferred direction. c. total number of neurons that are tuned to the same preferred direction. d. preferred direction of a single neuron.
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Which of the following would demonstrate the finding that some aspects of motor learning are independent of the specific effectors used to perform an action? a. Right-handed pitchers have great difficulty in throwing a baseball accurately with the left hand. b. Actions such as the backhand stroke in tennis require the coordination of a sequence of separate movements. c. All cyclists tend to use the same set of effectors in riding, regardless of the specific age at which they learned to ride a bicycle. d. Ones signature looks very similar regardless of whether one uses the left or the right hand to produce it.
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Studies of de-afferentation and its effect on movement control in humans and other species demonstrate that a. movement depends on internal mental representations of the consequences of motor commands. b. movement depends on the availability of intact sensory feedback from effectors. c. movement is controlled by information from sensory receptors rather than muscles. d. movement is controlled differently in humans than in other primate species.
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Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies the most on the function of a central pattern generator? a. walking b. speaking c. drawing d. juggling
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Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals? a. The animals could still generate voluntary movements, but reflexive responses were disrupted. b. Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted. c. The animals showed normal motor function as long as sensory inputs from the dorsal root were also severed. d. The animals became completely motionless and unresponsive to stimulation.
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Neurons in each half of the cerebellum synapse on _________ targets in the thalamus and other subcortical structures, and therefore regulate the effectors on the _________ side of the body. a. ipsilateral ; ipsilateral b. ipsilateral ; contralateral c. contralateral ; ipsilateral d. contralateral ; contralateral
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When a voluntary movement such as contracting ones right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command? a. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax. b. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to flex simultaneously. c. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the left biceps, to relax. d. No other signal is necessary.