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Question
The difference between sufficient and necessary conditions in an explanation is that sufficient conditionsa. Are those that must exist for a change to happen.
b. Are those that are the maximum ones needed for a change to occur.
c. Are those that are the minimum ones needed for a change to occur.
d. Are easier to ascertain than are necessary conditions.
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
Which carbon isotope is the rarest?
a. 12C
b. 13C
c. 14C
d. None of the above; carbon isotopes exist in the same proportions.
Q:
The radiocarbon dating technique was discovered by:
a. Nels Nelson.
b. Oscar Montelius.
c. A. E. Douglas.
d. Willard Libby.
Q:
What exactly does dendrochronology attempt to date?
a. The year wood was last burned.
b. The year that the tree was the healthiest, thus providing a signal of climatic amicability.
c. The year a tree was used in to build a structure.
d. The year a tree was cut or died.
Q:
Geoarchaeology is the geological study of landforms and landscapes, for instance, soils, rivers, hills, sand dunes, deltas, glacial deposits, and marshes.
Q:
Sediments deposited primarily through the action of gravity on geological material lying on hillsides are called
a. eolian sediments.
b. marker beds.
c. colluvial sediments.
d. soil.
Q:
What information do ice cores taken from several places in the world indicate?
a. The last 10,000 years have been the warmest time on the earth out of the last 100,000.
b. The climate over the last 10,000 years has been surprisingly stable.
c. Both A and B.
d. Global temperatures have decreased significantly in the last 100 years.
Q:
Imbrication is a process that results in:
a. An extremely well-preserved archaeological record that directly reflects human behavior.
b. Clay-rich soils pushing artifacts upward as the sediment swells and then moves them down as cracks form during dry cycles.
c. Stones in a riverbed lying with their upstream ends slightly higher than their downstream ends.
d. Stones in a riverbed lying with their upstream ends slightly lower than their downstream ends.
Q:
Soil development occurs:
a. Anytime soils are deposited by wind or water.
b. When sediment accumulates quickly and is deeply and rapidly buried.
c. When sediments accumulate slowly and undergo in situ chemical and mechanical weathering.
d. Anytime sediments are subjected to intense heat or cold over a long period of time.
Q:
The Mazama ash has been dated at numerous locations in the western US to 6900 years old. This means that if an archaeologist finds the Mazama ash in a stratified context, he or she knows that everything above it is less than 6900 years old, and everything below it is more than 6900 years old. The Mazama ash is an example of a:
a. Colluvial sediment.
b. Soil horizon.
c. Marker bed.
d. Sedimentary deposit that has been disturbed, resulting in reversed stratigraphy.
Q:
A marker bed is:
a. An easily identified stratum that is found in multiple sites in the same region.
b. A stratum unique to a particular archaeological site that is not found anywhere else throughout the region.
c. A stratum that is easily dated by the potassium-argon dating method.
d. A stratum marked by distinctive soil horizons.
Q:
What could account for chronologically older artifacts being found above younger artifacts in a stratigraphic sequence?
a. Faunalturbation (e.g., rodent burrows).
b. Cultural disturbance (e.g., prehistoric digging of a hearth or pit).
c. Graviturbation.
d. All of the above.
Q:
Hominins are members of the evolutionary line that contains humans and our early bipedal ancestors.
Q:
At the Folsom site in New Mexico, artifacts were discovered between the ribs of modern cow bones, thus establishing the antiquity of human in the Americas.
Q:
The key to maintaining information about an artifact's context is to record
a. archaeologist's name.
b. artifact's material.
c. provenience.
d. date of discovery.
Q:
The difference between a natural level and an arbitrary level is
a. natural level is a vertical subdivision and an arbitrary level is a horizontal subdivision.
b. natural level is a horizontal subdivision and an arbitrary level is a vertical subdivision.
c. natural level is a vertical subdivision based on natural breaks in sediments and arbitrary level is a vertical subdivision used only when natural strata are lacking or more than 10 cm. deep.
d. irrelevant. Natural levels are no longer used in archeology, only arbitrary levels are used.
Q:
When archeologists refer to the place where an artifact, ecofact, or feature was found during survey or excavation, they use the term
a. provenience.
b. in situ.
c. strata.
d. position.
Q:
The period of the Ice Age known as the Pleistocene ended
a. about 25,000 years ago.
b. about 100,000 years ago.
c. about 10,000 years ago.
d. about 1.5 million years ago.
Q:
A total station, or EDM, is a device that:
a. allows the boundaries of archaeological sites to be objectively determined.
b. efficiently and accurately analyzes artifacts found during survey.
c. uses a beam of infrared light bounced off a prism to determine an artifact's provenience.
d. uses triangulation from radio waves received from satellites to determine your position, either in terms of latitude and longitude or the UTM grid.
Q:
The process of flotation is based on the principle that:
a. the most appropriate screen size for recovering carbonized plant remains and bone fragments is 1/4" mesh.
b. carbonized plant remains and very small bone fragments will float when submerged in water, while heavier items (including dirt) will not.
c. artifact provenience is the most important information an archaeologist can record during an excavation.
d. All of the above.
Q:
In addition to an artifact's provenience, archaeologists might also be interested in:
a. which side of an artifact was "up" when it was uncovered.
b. the compass orientation of an artifact's long axis.
c. whether or not the artifact is burned.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Natural levels are preferable to arbitrary levels because:
a. arbitrary levels can potentially jumble together artifacts that come from different natural strata and thus different periods of time.
b. the depth of natural levels is determined by statistical sampling strategies, while arbitrary levels are chosen subjectively.
c. arbitrary levels follow the natural stratigraphy, which may not be able to distinguish between occupational surfaces.
d. natural levels are much simpler and faster to excavate than arbitrary levels.
Q:
Organic remains are best preserved in:
a. a cave, where conditions remain permanently cool and dry.
b. a bog, where conditions remain permanently wet and depleted of oxygen.
c. a field, exposed to hot, dry conditions with periodic rainfall.
d. Both a permanently dry, cool cave and a permanently wet bog.
Q:
It is essential that archaeologists take abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes during excavations because:
a. archaeology destroys data as it is gathered; once a site is excavated it cannot be re-excavated.
b. federal legislation mandates abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes.
c. archaeology students generally learn field techniques from these notes.
d. none of the above; it is not essential because archaeologists can always go back and reconstruct the excavation later.
Q:
Even if an effective sampling strategy has been implemented, the quality of an archaeological survey can still be affected by factors like uncomfortable working conditions or terrain.
Q:
"UTM" stands for "Universal Transverse Mercator", a grid system where north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world.
Q:
Georeferenced means
a. Data is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference.
b. Data is mapped by hand using topographic maps.
c. Data is mapped in relationship to geological features.
d. Data is scanned using ground penetrating radar (GPR).
Q:
In order to understand the past, we need to examine the range of places where ancient peoples lived. Hunter-gathers' pattern of movement on the landscape is referred to as
a. Ecological adaptation
b. Seasonal round
c. Map triangles
d. Archeological round
Q:
Archaeological shovel-testing is:
a. A destructive survey technique that archaeologists no longer use.
b. An important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil buildup.
c. An important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by deflation.
d. Only necessary in agricultural regions where archaeologists must survey plow-zones.
Q:
The Chaco experiment, conducted by Judge, Hitchcock, and Ebert, showed that survey samples:
a. Are very good at recording the general character of a region.
b. Are not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region.
c. Both A and B.
d. Are very good at finding both the sites that represent the general character of a region, as well as the unique or rare sites.
Q:
Once archaeologists decide on their survey sample universe, they must then decide on the sample fraction. The sample fraction is:
a. The percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed.
b. Survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research questions and practical considerations.
c. The region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled.
d. A survey universe that has been divided into several sub-universes.