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Question
The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices.Answer
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Related questions
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Illustrate the reaction center of a purple bacterium with the following features highlighted: antenna pigments, the special pair, protein H, protein L, protein M, quinone pool, and ATPase. Also explain the importance of proximity for these components within a reaction center.
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Describe what occurs when elemental sulfur is provided externally as an electron donor and how energy is obtained.
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Beta-oxidation exclusively removes two carbons at a time to catabolize fatty acids regardless of the carbon chain length.
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Some anaerobic bacteria not only use organic compounds as a carbon source but can also use them for energy as well.
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Due to a chemical equilibrium, a syntrophic relationship can be disrupted if the product from the first partner's metabolism is removed too quickly.
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria grow better in alkaline environments where protons are less likely to abiotically convert Fe2+ into Fe3+.
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Photosystem I is responsible for splitting a water molecule in the first step of oxygenic electron flow.
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Chemolithotrophs that obtain electrons from donors such as sulfide use the same electron transport chains to obtain energy as chemoorganotrophs.
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Photooxidation reactions can lead to the production of toxic forms of oxygen and the destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Each chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll type is distinguished by its absorption spectrum.
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The light-harvesting pigments in Bacteria are classified as bacteriochlorophylls.
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Which of the following is NOT a potential reason anoxic methane-oxidizing Archaea have not also acquired the ability to reduce sulfate?
A) An individual electron acceptor such as sulfate is not always present where methane is.
B) Minimizing the metabolic requirements of the archaeon's genome size provides flexibility to interact with other reducing bacteria, such as nitrate reducers.
C) The archaeon-bacterium relationship yields more energy from methane oxidation/sulfate reduction when performed together than separately.
D) The methane-oxidizing Archaea will not easily acquire this metabolic capability from the bacterial partner.
Q:
What products would be expected to form during anoxic degradation of the seven-carbon compound benzoate following reduction and cleavage of the aromatic ring?
A) 1 three-carbon compound and 1 four-carbon compound
B) 1 three-carbon compound and 2 two-carbon compounds
C) 2 three-carbon compounds and CO2
D) 3 two-carbon compounds and CO2
Q:
Anaerobic fermentation often provides CO2, which can be used by ________ as an electron acceptor for energy.
A) acetogens
B) methanotrophs
C) methanogens
D) acetogens and methanogens
Q:
Obligate anaerobes can often use ________ electropositive redox couples than facultative anaerobes, and ________ metabolism is most common in this group as well.
A) lower / assimilative
B) lower / dissimilative
C) higher / assimilative
D) higher / dissimilative
Q:
Which metabolic strategy's existence suggests rapid growth is NOT always the best strategy to survive in the environment?
A) anaerobic fermentation
B) disproportionation
C) methylotrophy
D) syntrophy
Q:
The foul-smelling putrescine byproduct suggests activity of
A) amino acid fermentation by clostridia.
B) secondary fermentation.
C) sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
D) syntrophic carbohydrate metabolism.
Q:
A cell that lacks sulfite oxidase but can still oxidize sulfur for energy could be identified by
A) adenosine phosphosulfate reductase coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) electrons being transferred to cytochrome c prior to shuttling them into the electron transport chain.
C) identifying an alternative quinone, flavoprotein, or cytochrome.
D) quantifying the release of sulfate byproduct.
Q:
What type of methods are used in microbial systematics? Why are multiple methods used to characterize and classify microbial species? Be sure to define the methods and describe the general strengths and weaknesses of each type.
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Rhodobacter cells perform photosynthesis in the presence of light and grow heterotrophically in the dark. After being cultured in total darkness for multiple generations phenotypic and genotypic changes occur. What phenotypic changes occur and what evolutionary processes are driving them?
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You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. What experiments should you perform to determine if your isolate is truly a new species? What process will you follow to officially name your isolate?
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Carl Woese was an important figure in microbial classification and changed our understanding of the evolution and diversity of life. What breakthrough did he make that allowed us to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms? What assumptions was his breakthrough based on?
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Describe the hydrogen hypothesis and why it is favored over other hypotheses.
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Explain the endosymbiotic theory. What is the evolutionary value of endosymbiosis?
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When exposed to UV light, oxygen gas produces ozone gas.
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Approximately 4 billion years ago Archaea and Bacteria diverged as being distinct from each other.
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Two organisms containing identical GC ratios are not necessarily related.
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The establishment of DNA as the genome of the cell may have resulted from the need to store genetic information in a more stable form than RNA.
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Systematic analysis now commonly includes ________ to identify, characterize, and determine relationships between new strains of bacterial species.
A) whole genome analysis
B) microscopy
C) staining
D) pigments
Q:
The first catalytic and self-replication biological molecule was most likely
A) RNA.
B) DNA.
C) proteins.
D) ATP.