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Question
The error-related negativity (ERN) has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.
Answer
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Related questions
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A patient with progressive supranuclear palsy is suffering from gradual deterioration of his superior colliculus. Which of the following statements best describes the result of this disease? a.The patient has intact acuity and shape perception, but he can no longer recognize visual objects. b. The patient demonstrates the phenomenon of blindsight. c.The patient is cortically blind. d. The patient is unable to initiate eye movements.
Q:
Achromatopsia is due to a. the absence of the photopigment sensitive to long wavelengths. b. the absence of the photopigment sensitive to short wavelengths. c. cortical lesions in area V4. d. cortical lesions in area MT.
Q:
Which of the following results would be expected for an individual experiencing the most common form of synesthesia? a.Their visual cortices have been shown to be sensitive to tactile discrimination. b. They show interference effects when asked to identify the colors of letters if the colors are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences. c.Their somatosensory cortices have been shown to be sensitive to visual information. d. They show interference effects when asked to identify sung letters if the pitches are inconsistent with their synesthetic experiences.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical or physiological difference between the cerebral hemispheres? a. The planum temporale is larger on the left side. b. The Sylvian or lateral fissure is steeper on the left side. c.Parts of the thalamus are larger on the left side. d. Left-hemisphere neurons tend to have more dendritic branching than right-hemisphere neurons.
Q:
Based on what you know about the neurophysiological and microanatomical differences between the right and left hemispheres, choose the option here that correctly lists the properties of cortical tissue samples taken from the left hemisphere. a.relatively greater dendritic branching, relatively dense packing of cortical columns b. relatively less dendritic branching, relatively dense packing of cortical columns c.relatively greater dendritic branching, relatively loose packing of cortical columns d. relatively less dendritic branching, relatively loose packing of cortical columns
Q:
An anatomical difference between the cerebral hemispheres that may be related to language lateralization is the enlargement of the __________ in the left hemisphere.
a.hippocampus
b. cingulate gyrus
c. planum temporale
d. primary visual pathway
Q:
Assessment of the visual processing carried out by each hemisphere in split-brain patients usually involves the brief simultaneous presentation of different stimuli to each visual field while the participant fixates on a central point in space. Why is it necessary to ensure that stimulus presentation is brief? a.If the stimuli were presented over longer intervals, information would be transferred between the hemispheres through the corpus callosum. b. Brief presentation prevents participants from focusing attention on the stimuli. c.The short presentation time is necessary to prevent eye movements, which would redirect information across the visual fields. d. Increasing the presentation time increases task difficulty for split-brain patients.
Q:
Although there is a general consensus that the right hemisphere is superior on some tasks that require visuospatial processing, such as the block design task, the findings on this topic are also somewhat inconsistent. One explanation for this inconsistency is that the block design task a.involves many cognitive operations, and not all of them may be lateralized to the right hemisphere. b. has many verbal components that may emphasize left- rather than right hemisphere function. c.requires fine motor coordination, which is regulated by the right hemisphere. d. is too simple a task to demonstrate strong laterality effects.
Q:
The word superiority effect can be documented a.in only the left hemisphere because this effect stems from the auditory lexicon. b.in both hemispheres because this effect stems from the auditory lexicon. c.in only the left hemisphere because this effect stems from the visual lexicon. d.in both hemispheres because this effect stems from the visual lexicon.
Q:
The phenomenon of global precedence described by Navon (1977) is that when hierarchically structured stimuli are presented, a.global shapes are extracted before local shapes. b. local shapes are easier for the visual system to extract than global shapes. c.global shapes take longer to process than local shapes. d. local shapes can interfere with the perception of global shapes.
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the correlation between handedness and hemisphere dominance for language function in humans? a.The correlation is strong, such that for language almost all right-handers have left- hemisphere dominance and almost all left-handers have right-hemisphere dominance. b. The correlation is strong only for right-handers, who almost all have left-hemisphere dominance for language, whereas left-handers do not generally have a particular language- dominant hemisphere. c.The correlation is strong only for left-handers, who almost all have right-hemisphere dominance for language, whereas right-handers do not generally have a particular language-dominant hemisphere. d. The correlation is weak, such that almost all right-handers and at least half of left-handers exhibit left-hemisphere language dominance, regardless of handedness.
Q:
Studies of cerebral laterality in nonhuman species indicate that hemispheric differences a.are found in many species, and the specific functions involved are quite similar. b. are found in many species, but the specific functions involved often differ. c.are typically found only in humans and other primate species, and the specific functions involved differ from species to species. d. have been strongly documented in humans only.
Q:
Why is it that a split-brain patient might not notice that anything is wrong? a.The left hemisphere interpreter does not know that information from the right hemisphere is missing b. The right hemisphere interpreter does not know that information from the right hemisphere is missing. c.The left hemisphere does not have consciousness. d. The right hemisphere does not have consciousness.
Q:
Drawings of hierarchical figures by people with left-hemisphere lesions are likely to focus on local elements while missing global structure.
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The right hemisphere is more important than the left for both the perception and production of facial expressions.
Q:
Many callosal projections link homotopic areas in corresponding locations in the two hemispheres.
Q:
In the auditory system, the basilar membrane is located within the a. cochlea. b. eardrum. c. pinna. d. middle ear.
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Information about the left hand is processed a.in the left hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. b. in the right hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. c.in the left hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex. d. in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex.
Q:
Before entering the brain, each optic nerve splits into two branches so that information from__________ half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain. a. nasal (medial) b. temporal (lateral) c. left (dorsal) d. right (ventral)
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Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.
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Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.
Q:
The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test? a. One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups. b. The primary measures of this test are response latencies. c. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories. d. Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.
Q:
Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala? a. They do not produce a full range of facial expressions. b. They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race. c. They are unable to recognize emotional prosody. d. All of the above.
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The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the __________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the __________. a. lateral nucleus ; central nucleus b. central nucleus ; lateral nucleus c. lateral geniculate nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus d. medial geniculate nucleus ; lateral geniculate nucleus
Q:
John spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is dependent on parallel systems for emotional responses and their conscious identification? a. cognitive interpretation theory b. constructivist theories c. evolutionary theories d. LeDouxs high road and low road theory
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Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.
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Korsakoffs syndrome is associated with alcoholism.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain? a. NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP. b. NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present. c. NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. d. NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.
Q:
Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)? a. The amount of LTP would increase. b. The amount of LTP would decrease. c. The amount of LTP would not change. d. The amount of LTP would first decrease, then increase.
Q:
Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter __________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors. a. GABA b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. glutamate