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Question
The two traditional models of modern human origins are out-of-Africa and multiregional continuity. Briefly describe the main tenets of these, and then discuss how the more recent assimilation model differs from each.Answer
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Related questions
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The "supercontinent" that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is calleda. Eurasia. b. Afronesia. c. Australasia.d. Pangaea.
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Historically speaking, which came first in the science of giving ages to the fossil record?a. numerical ages b. relative ages c. radiocarbon datingd. none of the above
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The use of different natural objects to obtain food, similar to that observed in chimpanzees, has been observed ina. gibbons. b. capuchin monkeys. c. orangutans.d. both b and c.
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Orangutans are an example of which residence pattern?a. monogamous b. polygynous c. polyandrousd. solitary
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Kin selection refers to
a. avoidance of selecting kin (related individuals) as mates.
b. only food-sharing among related individuals.
c. behaviors that increase inclusive fitness of the donor.
d. the selection of nonrelated individuals as mates.
Q:
Food quality is important for feeding success because
a. high-quality food provides energy and protein that are readily digestible.
b. high-quality food is high in nondigestible cellulose such as that found in mature leaves.
c. not all primates have anatomical adaptations to adjust for differences in food quality.
d. both a and c.
Q:
Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?a. predation b. niche competition c. adaptive radiationd. habitat
Q:
The higher the rank of a female primate, the
a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring.
b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring.
c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates.
d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
Q:
Natural selection favors primate behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction. Which of the following behaviors observed in primates directly enhances fitness?
a. infanticide
b. the development of long-term relationships
c. grooming
d. none of the above
Q:
Primate societies are considered to show diversity in all of the following features except
a. their reliance on a mother-infant bond for social learning.
b. their ability to express themselves through a range of behaviors.
c. the complexity of organization observed in rank, age, sex, etc.
d. their reliance upon various long-term social relationships.
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In nonhuman primates, grooming relationships serve
a. as an aggressive behavior.
b. as a hygienic practice.
c. to find lunch.
d. to reinforce social structures and cement social bonds.
Q:
Primates spend
a. much of their time foraging for food.
b. spend less than 25% of their day foraging for food.
c. spend a minimal amount of their time foraging for food.
d. only forage for food during the rainy season.
Q:
Compare and contrast both the anatomy and the special senses of prosimians and anthropoids.
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Describe similarities and differences in diet and dentition among prosimians, Old World monkeys, and apes.
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Discuss anatomical characteristics that relate to primates' arboreal adaptation.
Q:
A finger pad with primitive dermal ridges most likely belongs to which of the following?
a. only humans
b. pottos, lories, and other similar species
c. Old World monkeys, which rely heavily on precision-grip foraging
d. none of the above
Q:
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. larger brains.
c. reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Q:
Primate females
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Unlike monkeys, apes
a. have no tails.
b. have long forelimbs, compared to their hind limbs.
c. have short lower backs.
d. are orthograde; that is, they walk upright.
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Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of which primate?a. macaques b. vervets c. baboonsd. gibbons
Q:
While reading an ethnography of women living in a rural African community, you notice that women in this community have a significantly greater workload than men. The data shows that women spend more time clearing and planting fields than men of an equivalent age. What influence will this have on the overall population?
a. The population size will rapidly increase because women show greater fitness.
b. The population may remain the same or decrease due to lowered birth rate of women.
c. The population will remain the same because gendered difference in workload has no relationship to fluctuations in population size.
d. The population will only increase if the workload of women remains the same.
Q:
Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations
a. have lower basal metabolic rate.
b. consume more carbohydrates.
c. reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
d. none of the above.
Q:
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses,
a. long bone growth is slowed.
b. full adult height is attained.
c. the adolescent growth spurt begins.
d. the fusion is largely determined by the environment.
Q:
The life stage of senescence in humans is characterized by
a. cognitive transitions in increased ability to learn.
b. a growth spurt.
c. the end of the reproductive years.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Research has shown that human growth and development
a. start off with a blueprint from an individual's DNA.
b. are strongly influenced by the environment.
c. are exactly the same as other primates.
d. both a and b.
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Puberty is marked bya. menarche in girls. b. similar body size in boys and girls. c. completion of brain growth.d. adult social roles.
Q:
Human brain growth is completed by agea. three. b. eighteen months. c. six.d. ten.
Q:
R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this
a. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
b. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human populations.
c. through the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
d. through research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.
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According to the text, females are less able to tolerate heat than males becausea. males have a higher body fat content. b. females have a higher body fat content. c. females are shorter.d. males sweat more.
Q:
Race is not a valid biological concept because
a. races account for only a small amount of biological variation.
b. the distribution of biological traits follow a cline.
c. traits do not agree with their frequency and distribution.
d. all of the above.