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Question
Tolerance is the acquired ability to make an adaptive immune response directed to self-antigens.Answer
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Which of the following statements about chlamydial infections is TRUE?
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The Spanish flu of 1918 was caused by an ________ influenza virus.
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Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the population that is immunized is less than 100% because
A) vectors can be controlled through other means.
B) most diseases lack reservoirs.
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In just over a decade of efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated smallpox by using worldwide
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In 2003, the majority of AIDS deaths occurred in
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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population is the field of
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Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus) that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers generally have high ________ but low ________.
A) incidence / prevalence
B) prevalence / mortality
C) mortality / morbidity
D) morbidity / mortality
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Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that
A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate.
B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures.
C) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir.
D) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.
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Influenza pandemics occur cyclically because
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B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants.
C) the vector is seasonal.
D) there are environmental reservoirs that release the virus during particular seasons.
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Potential candidates for biological warfare
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B) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus.
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Q:
The arrangement of Class II MHC proteins in pairs or trimers enhances their stability.
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The cytoplasmic domains of immunoglobulins and TCRs have cytoplasmic tyrosines that can be phosphorylated.
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In B cell selection and tolerance, if no signal is generated from ________ cells, the B cells remain unresponsive.
A) TC
B) TH
C) B7
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________ ensures that each B cell produces only one immunoglobulin.
A) Self-activation
B) Allelic exclusion
C) MHC interaction
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The invariant amino acids in each peptide motif bound by MHC proteins are called
A) anchor residues.
B) MHC peptides.
C) antigen-binding immunoglobulins.
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Q:
The major histocompatibility complex is also called the
A) human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
B) T cell receptor.
C) toll-like receptor complex.
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Q:
Interaction of a PAMP with a TLR triggers transmembrane signal transduction and subsequent
A) clonal expansion.
B) antibody production.
C) complement protein activation.
D) phagocytosis and inflammation.
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Which of the following is involved in B cell selection and tolerance?
A) clonal anergy
B) clonal deletion
C) clonal anergy and deletion
D) allelic exclusion
Q:
Clonal anergy is a state of
A) antibody production.
B) high energy.
C) unresponsiveness.
D) high energy and antibody production.
Q:
An individual usually expresses ________ structurally distinct allele(s) that encode class I MHC proteins.
A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six