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Question
Xavier believes that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured. He argues that affective and cognitive explanations are circular. Which theoretical orientation is most akin to his views?
Answer
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Related questions
Q:
What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants' acquisition of language?
Child-directed speech is language spoken in a higher pitch and slower pace than normal and uses simple words and sentences. It has the important function of capturing the infant's attention and maintaining communication. Adults often use strategies other than child-directed speech to enhance the child's acquisition of language, including recasting, expanding, and labeling.
Q:
Define receptive vocabulary and spoken vocabulary. What is the relationship between the two?
Q:
Identify a special way that adults speak to babies that is characterized by language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, the use of simple words, and the use of simple sentences.
Q:
Identify the memory without conscious recollection. This includes memories of skills and routine procedures (such as crawling) that are performed automatically.
Q:
While nine-month-old Mave is playing with a ball, her brother takes it and hides it behind a pillow. Mave cries and crawls over to the pillow to get the ball. Which Piagetian concept is represented in this scenario?
Q:
According to Jean Piaget, identify the sixth and final substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between 18 and 24 months of age. The infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols in this substage.
Q:
Identify the linguist who proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language. He or she proposed that infants are born into the world with a language acquisition device that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language.
Q:
Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to the:
A.
Broca's area.
B.
Wernicke's area.
C.
SMA area.
D.
Q:
The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:
A.
the secular trend.
B.
telegraphic speech.
C.
the vocabulary spurt.
D.
Q:
Which of the following statements about first words is NOT correct?
A.
Infants recognize their name by the age of 3 months.
B.
Children understand more words than they can speak.
C.
By 18 months, most children have a spoken vocabulary of about 50 words.
D.
Q:
Kevin loves to say "da, da, da, da" over and over again. What type of communication is Kevin using?
A.
Crying
B.
Cooing
C.
Babbling
D.
Q:
_____ have many jobs in grammar, such as marking tense and number.
A.
Syntax
B.
Phonemes
C.
Morphemes
D.
Q:
Phonology is to _____ as morphology is to _____.
A.
sound; meaning
B.
meaning; sound
C.
appropriate use of language in different contexts; correct word order
D.
Q:
In the word "falling," both "fall" and "-ing" are considered _____.
A.
morphemes
B.
phonemes
C.
graphemes
D.
Q:
An example of the basic unit of sound in the English language is the sound the letter "m" makes. This sound is called a _____.
A.
morpheme
B.
phoneme
C.
grapheme
D.
Q:
Jim and Joanna are curious to know if their baby will grow up to be a child with high IQ. Which of the following measures for assessing infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children and would best suit the purpose?
A.
Bayley-III
B.
Gesell test
C.
Fagan test
D.
Q:
According to the Bayley mental scale, a _____ infant should be able to vocalize pleasure and displeasure, persistently search for objects that are just out of immediate reach, and approach a mirror that is placed in front of the infant by the examiner.
A.
2-month-old
B.
6-month-old
C.
4-month-old
D.
Q:
In the current version of the Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the subscores obtained from the four and five different categories of Gesell test and Bayley Scales of Infant Development respectively are combined into an overall score that determines the infants':
A.
intelligence quotient (IQ).
B.
intelligence inventory score (IIS).
C.
developmental quotient (DQ).
D.
Q:
Using habituation experiments, some researchers have found that infants as young as _____ can group together objects with similar appearances.
A.
five to six days
B.
three to four weeks
C.
three to four months
D.
Q:
From about 6 to 12 months of age, the maturation of the _____ and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible.
A.
amygdala
B.
hippocampus
C.
hypothalamus
D.
Q:
Renee remembers very little about the first three years of her life. Psychologists find this normal and call it:
A.
retroactive memory interference.
B.
infantile amnesia.
C.
child memory loss.
D.
Q:
Remembering how to swim is an example of:
A.
implicit memory.
B.
deferred imitation.
C.
joint attention.
D.
Q:
Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.
A.
dishabituation
B.
explicit memory
C.
habituation
D.
Q:
Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?
A.
An ability to manipulate objects
B.
An ability to track another's behavior
C.
A lack of interest in others
D.
Q:
Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A.
Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant's everyday environment.
B.
Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings.
C.
Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought.
D.
Q:
In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.
A.
core knowledge
B.
domain knowledge
C.
learned domain
D.
Q:
Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searches for it. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of _____.
A.
symbolic manipulation
B.
infinite generativity
C.
telegraphic thinking
D.
Q:
In which substage of sensorimotor development do infants start repeating actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results?
A.
First habits and primary circular reactions
B.
Simple reflexes
C.
Secondary circular reactions
D.
Q:
Which of the following substages of sensorimotor development is characterized by coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors?
A.
Conditioned reflexes
B.
First habits and primary circular reactions
C.
Simple reflexes
D.
Q:
The _____ substage of sensorimotor development corresponds to the first month after birth.
A.
first habits and primary circular reactions
B.
simple reflexes
C.
secondary circular reactions
D.