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Anthropology
Q:
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that the researchers are relying on:
a. cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
b. anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
c. genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.
d. both b. and c.
Q:
In most societies, the fate of the soul after death depends upon the behavior of the individual when living.
Q:
Arboreal adaptation is:
a. adaptation to life in the trees.
b. the ability to brachiate.
c. adaptation to life in the savanna.
d. the ability to move on four limbs.
Q:
The concept of a single soul that animates the living body and leaves upon death is found in the vast majority of societies that have been studied.
Q:
The soul is the noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual.
Q:
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. New World and Old World monkeys.
b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
c. great apes and lesser apes.
d. lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.
Q:
Colobine primates:
a. are mostly frugivorous.
b. are usually terrestrial.
c. have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
d. are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.
Q:
Prehensile tails are:
a. present in catarrhine primates.
b. present in most primates.
c. present only in some platyrrhines.
d. made strictly of muscle.
Q:
The Day of the Dead in Mexico is a time for:
a. driving evil spirits out of the village
b. a family reunion for all family members, living and dead
c. fasting and repentance
d. all of the above
Q:
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:
a. have more teeth.
b. have better color vision.
c. are less dimorphic sexually.
d. have a smaller brain relative to body size.
Q:
The origins of Halloween can be found in a(n):
a. ancient Celtic festival called Samhain
b. Satanic celebration of the horned deity
c. new tradition for burials that began during the Civil War
d. U.S. department store attempt to sell more items in the Fall
Q:
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. a larger brain.
c. a reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Q:
All Hallows Eve or Halloween takes place on the evening before:
a. Memorial Day
b. dama
c. All Saint's Day
d. Hollows Day
Q:
The cladistic classification of apes and humans:
a. includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
b. uses the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors.
c. divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
d. includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.
Q:
American mortuary customs are characterized by:
a. discomfort on the part of those attending the funeral
b. restrained expressions of grief
c. restoration of the body to lifelike appearance for purposes of display
d. all of the above
Q:
The earliest examples of the American custom of embalming and the establishment of the first military cemeteries took place during the:
a. Revolutionary War
b. French and Indian War
c. Civil War
d. World War I
Q:
The custom of drinking the cremated ashes of the dead is found among the:
a. Yanomam
b. Jivaro
c. Berawan
d. Nuer
Q:
Anthropoids include:
a. monkeys and apes, including humans.
b. African and Asian apes only.
c. tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.
d. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
Q:
The suborder prosimians includes:
a. only nocturnal species.
b. only diurnal species.
c. diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
d. diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
Q:
The term secondary burial refers to:
a. a separate burial for specific body parts (e.g., the head and hands)
b. any burial for those lower in the social stratification
c. a later burial during which the remains are dug up, processed, and reburied
d. a burial for a person who dies out of grief after the passing of their spouse
Q:
All of the following statements about the African Burial Ground are correct except:
a. most of the remains are those of adults
b. the cemetery dates to the 1700s
c. individuals were buried in coffins
d. the bodies were buried with their heads oriented to the west so that on the Judgment Day they will sit up and face the rising sun
Q:
Primate females:
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. give birth to twins regularly.
Q:
Low, rounded cusps indicate a diet of:
a. fruit.
b. meat.
c. insects.
d. leaves.
Q:
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from:
a. the fact that their eyes are rotated forward.
b. their tendency toward nocturnality.
c. their color vision.
d. both a. and c.
Q:
The African Burial Ground is a cemetery in:
a. West Africa which has been studied by anthropologists
b. East Africa where secondary burials of skeletons have been found
c. New York city that contains the burials of slaves from the 18th century
d. South Africa containing cremated remains
Q:
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
a. opposable thumbs.
b. a precision grip.
c. short digits.
d. an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
Q:
Burials differ in different societies in many ways. Among these is:
a. the location of the grave
b. the position the body is placed in
c. objects placed in the grave with the body
d. all of the above
Q:
Death rituals or funerals serve many purposes among which is (are):
a. channeling the expressions of grief
b. determining the fate of the soul
c. protecting the community of ghosts
d. all of the above
Q:
While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses. This indicates a species of:
a. prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
b. anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
c. platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
d. strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates.
Q:
Wade Davis believes that from an etic perspective, Haitain zombies really:
a. did not exist
b. have been given a powder containing tetrodotoxin
c. were in it for the fame and wealth
d. were animated from the dead to work in the fields
Q:
The two suborders of primates are:
a. platyrrhine and catarrhine.
b. prosimians and anthropoids.
c. pongidae and hominidae.
d. tarsiers and anthropoids.
Q:
Haitian Zombies are:
a. living persons who have been placed in a zombie state in order to work in the fields
b. reanimated dead persons who eat brains
c. a special class of especially evil and troublesome ghosts
d. people who have died before their time and return to life to bring death to friends and neighbors
Q:
Which of the following are prosimians?
a. baboons
b. gibbons
c. lemurs
d. tamarins
Q:
Living lemurs are found only in:
a. Asia.
b. Africa.
c. South America.
d. Madagascar.
Q:
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of:
a. fruit.
b. leaves.
c. meat.
d. insects.
Q:
The Viking draugr was a(n):
a. animated corpse that could wander the countryside, much like a vampire
b. ghost seeking revenge for its own death
c. reanimated corpse, much like a zombie
d. soul that resided in Valhalla after dying in battle
Q:
From an etic perspective, the appearance of exhumed bodies thought to be vampires were actually the result of the:
a. acidic nature of the soil found in some eastern European cemeteries
b. natural process of decay
c. mutilation of bodies by people wanting the village to believe in vampires
d. real work of supernatural forces
Q:
The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is:
a. 2-1-2-3.
b. 2-1-3-3.
c. 2-2-2-3.
d. 2-2-3-3.
Q:
Descriptions of vampires are based upon:
a. early folk tales found in eastern Europe
b. observations made of corpses that were exhumed several months after burial
c. descriptions of invaders that overran eastern Europe from Asia during the 14th and 15th centuries
d. observations made of recently executed criminals
Q:
Evaluate and explain the evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between humans and other primates.
Q:
Discuss the anatomical differences of the skeleton between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.
Q:
In eastern European folk belief (not Hollywood folk belief) a vampire is:
a. an evil spirit that sucks blood from its victims
b. a person who, having died before his time, returns to life to bring death to his friends and neighbors
c. a dead person brought back to life by a sorcerer
d. a person who turns into an animal upon death
Q:
Much of Dani behavior, including the fear of traveling outside of the village at night, is based upon their belief in the existence of:
a. sorcerers
b. zombies
c. ghosts
d. witches
Q:
Discuss the anatomical differences between prosimians and anthropoids. How do these anatomical differences influence behavior and socialization among the respective primate groups?
Q:
A ghost can best be thought of as:
a. a dead person brought to life through magic
b. a soul that remains in the world of the living
c. an evil spirit or deity
d. none of the above
Q:
Discuss the diversity of the dentition among primates. Pay particular attention to how form follows function with regard to dental morphology and diet.
Q:
Discuss the primate parental investment in terms of success in natural selection. What are the most important aspects of primate parenting and what is their value to socialization?
Q:
Discuss the origins of racism. Include early scientists and their views on human variation.
Q:
In Japan, a distinction can be made between ancestors and those who died in more recent memory. The latter are referred to as:
a. the departed
b. ghouls
c. kindred
d. the near gods
Q:
Discuss Allen's and Bergmann's rules and how they affect human variation. Include the forces of evolution discussed in previous chapters to support your essay.
Q:
A clear separation of biological and social death is found among the:
a. Beng
b. Yoruba
c. Tana Toraja
d. Hmong
Q:
Discuss the obesity pandemic. Include current studies that demonstrate likely causes.
Q:
How does human life history (prenatal stage, infancy, childhood, juvenile stage, adolescence, adulthood, old age) determine the interaction between genes and environment?
Q:
The Beng of West Africa believe that during the first several years of a baby's life:
a. the baby's soul is transitioning from the afterlife to this world
b. animals must be sacrificed so that one of the animal souls becomes the baby's
c. the egungun dancers must drum the baby's soul into its body
d. the baby has no soul and is therefore not talked to
Q:
The egungun are spirits that travel from the land of the lead to visit the living among the:
a. Hmong
b. Yoruba
c. Tana Toraja
d. Jivaro
Q:
Discuss how natural selection has likely influenced the evolution of skin color in humans.
Q:
Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not?
Q:
The importance of ancestors in a society is often a reflection of the importance of:
a. kinship
b. death
c. inheritance of wealth
d. reincarnation
Q:
In Buddhism, rebirth is seen not as the transmission of a distinct personality, but as a transmission of:
a. consciousness
b. karma
c. lineage
d. thoughts
Q:
The belief that an immortal, eternal soul is born again and again in different bodies is found in:
a. Catholicism
b. Islam
c. Hinduism
d. Judaism
Q:
Which is a major contributor to the success of our species?
a. high fecundity
b. body variation
c. human adaptability
d. skin tone variation
Q:
Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:
a. Africa.
b. Europe.
c. South America.
d. Australia.
Q:
Rickets is the result of:
a. a lack of vitamin D.
b. a lack of melanin.
c. high UV exposure.
d. severe air pollution.
Q:
The Hmong of Laos believe that:
a. illness occurs when one of many souls is frightened out of the body or stolen by demons
b. the immortal souls recycles from grandparent to grandchild
c. one aspect of the soul lives near the liver and can be stolen by a shaman causing illness
d. only souls of people free of sin will go to Heaven
Q:
Adolescence includes:
a. stability in physiology, behavior, and cognition.
b. a decline in function of tissue and many organs.
c. eruption of dentition and increased brain growth.
d. the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.
Q:
The Yanomam believe in:
a. several different souls that have different destinations after death
b. a single immortal soul that recycles from grandparent to grandchild
c. a perfect afterlife only for those people free of sin
d. the necessity of burial to preserve the soul for a coming new world
Q:
In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:
a. Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
b. Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
c. Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
d. Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.
Q:
Among the Yup"ik of western Alaska seals have souls. These souls are returned to the sea during an annual festival when the ________ of the seal, which contains its soul, is shoved through the hole in the ice.
a. liver
b. bladder
c. heart
d. brain
Q:
Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul in small-scale religions?
a. the soul may be destroyed on its way to the other world
b. the fate of the soul may be the result of the social statuses of the individual during life
c. the souls of people who die a special death, such as in war, may share a fate different from those who die a different death
d. all of the above
Q:
The term transmigration refers to:
a. the attainment of new souls through visions
b. the movement of souls from one person into another
c. the soul being reborn into the body of an animal
d. the soul moving from one afterlife to another
Q:
Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:
a. at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
b. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.
c. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children.
d. have poor nutrition.
Q:
Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul?
a. in some societies one's soul is in one's shadow or in one's reflection in a mirror
b. the destiny of one's soul after death always depends on how one behaved in life
c. there is always a single soul
d. all of the above statements are true
Q:
Wolff's law:
a. is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
b. applies to the maintenance of the entire endocrine system.
c. states that after puberty there will be almost no further remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
d. refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.
Q:
Sexual dimorphism refers to the:
a. onset of menarche.
b. reduction in bone growth rate with the fusion of epiphyses.
c. difference in sexual characteristics before versus after puberty.
d. difference in physical attributes of males and females.
Q:
Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:
a. have lower BMRs.
b. consume more carbohydrates.
c. reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
d. have short limbs and large bodies.
Q:
In some societies souls may be acquired during one's lifetime, such as through a vision. This is found among the:
a. Jivaro
b. Yanomam
c. Shoshoni
d. Beng
Q:
For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in:
a. increased female fertility.
b. increased ovarian function.
c. a reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
d. higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.
Q:
Differences in the concept of the soul among human societies include:
a. the size of the soul
b. the number of souls a human possesses
c. the location of the soul in the human body
d. all of the above
Q:
Melanin:
a. is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.
b. is a chemical that decreases the possibility of a tan.
c. occurs at high rates in individuals with light skin tone.
d. develops more with age.
Q:
A belief in souls is probably found in all societies. This belief is likely derived from the experience of:
a. dreams
b. hallucinations
c. fainting
d. all of the above