Q&A Hero

Q: A genetic study conducted over two generations found that the frequencies of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies remained the same. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume: a. negative assortative mating has maintained gene frequencies. b. mutations have likely occurred, resulting in the same frequency. c. mating in this population is random. d. the population is small and we cannot detect change.

Q: Fitness trade-off refers to selection favoring which genotype? a. homozygous dominant b. homozygous recessive c. heterozygous d. No genotype is favored.

Q: Magic ritual usually includes: a. a spell b. the manipulation of objects c. special conditions for the performer of the ritual d. all of the above

Q: The evolution of the modern horse with a single hoof on each limb from a dog-sized ancestral species with multiple digits is an example of: a. macroevolution. b. stabilizing selection. c. disruptive selection. d. microevolution.

Q: Important features of magic are that magic: a. creates hypotheses and theories b. comes to testable conclusions c. deals only with empirical observations d. assumes a causal relationship between things that look similar

Q: mile Durkheim did not consider magic to be part of religion because: a. religion involves the whole community but magic focuses on an individual b. magic is not performed by religious specialists c. magic does not involve gods and spirits d. magic does not involve the performance of rituals

Q: What effect does natural selection have on population variation? a. It increases variation. b. It decreases variation. c. It both increases and decreases variation. d. It does not affect variation.

Q: Patrilocal societies are expected to display: a. greater mtDNA diversity than Y chromosome diversity. b. roughly equivalent mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity. c. greater Y chromosome diversity than mtDNA diversity. d. no strong correlation between societal structure and genetic diversity.

Q: Edward Tyler did not consider magic to be a part of religion because magic: a. did not involve the performance of rituals b. was not performed by religious specialists c. did not involve gods and spirits d. is used primarily to achieve evil ends

Q: Magic refers to rituals that people use to: a. control the supernatural b. call upon the deities for help c. move a person from one status to another d. explain a society's worldview

Q: Magic refers to the: a. belief in a generalized supernatural power b. belief in an ancestor that has been transformed into a god c. use of ritual to cause injury or death d. use of ritual to control events through supernatural mechanisms

Q: The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of: a. natural selection. b. gene flow. c. the founder effect. d. mutation.

Q: The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves: a. Galpagos finches. b. dung beetles. c. monarch butterflies. d. peppered moths.

Q: A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as: a. genetic drift. b. gene flow. c. admixture. d. gene migration.

Q: A deity might communicate to a community through a prophet.

Q: Studies of Galapagos finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection. a. directional b. natural c. disruptive d. stabilizing

Q: Okinawa is the only known society in which women lead a mainstream, official, publicly funded religion that is practiced by both sexes.

Q: You are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes instead of spots. The article refers to this as a genetic mutation. Though you see they have no negative impact on the cheetahs' fitness, the stripes are nevertheless considered a genetic mutation because mutations: a. can result in an evolutionary advantage. b. can result in an evolutionary disadvantage. c. may have no effect on the phenotype. d. all of the above

Q: Zuni society recognizes many different priesthoods.

Q: The training of a priest normally involves the memorization of vast amounts of ceremonial knowledge so as to be able to perform rituals correctly.

Q: A priest is more focused on individual problems such as a person's illness than on community-wide rituals.

Q: Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifts from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifts from 25% to 29%. This is an example of: a. minievolution. b. microevolution. c. millievolution. d. nanoevolution.

Q: Transposable elements are DNA sequences that: a. are not coded to produce proteins. b. contain numerous point mutations. c. occur only on the X and Y chromosomes. d. can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes.

Q: In contrast with traditional shamanism, neoshamanism focuses on the individual, often as a self-help means of improving one's life.

Q: A point mutation that does NOT result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a _______ mutation. a. spontaneous b. synonymous c. selective d. stabilizing

Q: Core shamanism is a concept that was developed by Carlos Castaneda.

Q: Australian aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and reproduction take place within the group, leading to: a. increased genetic diversity through genetic drift. b. migration without gene flow. c. more genetic diversity than would be observed in an exogamous society. d. decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.

Q: Shamans can only be found in small-scale societies.

Q: Mutations in DNA found in which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences? a. sex cells (gametes) b. red blood cells c. skin pigment cells d. brain cells

Q: Pentecostal preachers resemble shamans in that they will enter altered states of consciousness to contact the supernatural, in this case God, as a part of a healing ritual.

Q: The clinal decrease in type B blood from East Asia to Western Europe is probably the result of: a. the founder effect. b. stabilizing selection. c. mutation. d. gene flow.

Q: Shamans in Korea are usually women who have experienced some type of psychological stress in their lives.

Q: The revival of shamanism among the Yakut (Shkha) is, in part, a rejection of Christian elements introduced by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Q: Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between populations? a. gene flow b. the founder effect c. mutation d. natural selection

Q: Priests are usually associated with some sacred space, such as a temple or shrine.

Q: Another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is: a. the "founder effect." b. "disruptive selection." c. "admixture." d. "transposition."

Q: The ABO and MN blood-type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current American and German populations due to: a. genetic drift. b. natural selection. c. gene flow. d. mutation.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder that decreases susceptibility to malaria? a. G6PD deficiency (favism) b. sickle-cell anemia c. Huntington's chorea d. thalassemia

Q: Periodic rituals associated with an agricultural cycle are usually performed by shamans.

Q: The southern migration of which African people may have led to a significant increase in the incidence of malaria? a. Masai b. Turkana c. Efe d. Bantu

Q: The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is _______ selection. a. natural b. directional c. stabilizing d. disruptive

Q: A shaman is more likely to have a direct experience with a supernatural being than is a priest.

Q: When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of: a. microevolution. b. the founder effect. c. equilibrium. d. macroevolution.

Q: The ability to enter an altered state of consciousness is central to the role of shaman.

Q: Evolution can best be defined as: a. the appearance of a new species. b. a change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time. c. changes in the DNA of an individual over his or her lifetime. d. a process that occurs only over extremely long periods of time.

Q: The power of a shaman lies in her ability to successfully memorize religious texts and rituals.

Q: In certain species of nonhuman primates there are groups where only one dominant female has access to mates. The other females must wait until the opportunity to mate presents itself. This will have direct impacts on "fitness," influencing which of the following? a. reproductive success b. aggressiveness c. strength d. age at death

Q: Shamans are frequently individuals who are driven to become shamans because of illness including mental illness.

Q: While conducting research with a small population in South America you note that an overwhelming majority of individuals exhibit signs of a specific genetic abnormality. This is most likely the result of: a. natural selection. b. the founder effect. c. extinction. d. gene flow.

Q: The term shaman is a term used for a kind of religious specialist; the term is derived from Latin.

Q: The physical location of a gene within the genome is called the: a. chromosome. b. nucleus. c. address. d. locus.

Q: A _________ is a mouthpiece of the gods. a. diviner b. prophet c. herbalist d. priest

Q: Handsome Lake and Ngundeng were: a. diviners b. prophets c. herbalists d. priests

Q: Herbalists are: a. healers b. prophets c. diviners d. witches

Q: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes: a. strong selection pressure on the trait(s) being studied. b. a significant mutation rate from generation to generation. c. gene flow that is equal both into and out of the population. d. no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.

Q: Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals are known as a: a. gene pool. b. population. c. clinal distribution. d. polymorphism.

Q: Malaria is caused by: a. bites from infected mosquitoes. b. a genetic mutation. c. drinking bad water. d. eating spoiled food.

Q: A specialist who uses techniques to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable is a: a. herbalist b. diviner c. healer d. priest

Q: Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers' efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes.

Q: Which of the following statements about Eastern Orthodox Priests is true? a. Monks are priests who live in isolated communities. b. Priests primarily perform social rites of intensification. c. Priests perform rites of passage, such as birth, baptism, marriage and death. d. All of the above are true.

Q: What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?

Q: Okinawan priests are: a. always women from specific clans b. communicate with the ancestors and the kami c. practice divination and healing d. all of the above

Q: Describe the steps involved in protein synthesis.

Q: A complex series of priesthoods where political authority is vested in the priesthood characterizes the: a. Zuni b. Akimel O"odham c. Navaho d. Cahuilla

Q: Use what you know about meiosis to explain Mendel's law of segregation and law of independent assortment.

Q: All of the following are true about priests except: a. priests are associated with temples and shrines b. priestly offices are often inherited from father to son c. priests obtain supernatural power from a spirit familiar d. priests are responsible for the correct performance of rituals

Q: Religious specialists who are usually responsible for the performance of prescribed, periodic rituals are: a. shamans b. diviners c. priests d. healers

Q: A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity. This is likely the result of a mutation: a. on the sex chromosomes. b. in a Hox gene. c. in HSV-1. d. none of the above

Q: In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for: a. Mendel's law of independent assortment. b. Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation. c. Mendel's law of segregation. d. Mendel's concept of nondisjunction.

Q: If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed, this is an example of: a. polymorphism. b. codominance. c. pleiotropy. d. Mendelian inheritance.

Q: A full-time religious specialist, who is associated with a formalized religious institution, is a: a. priest b. healer c. shaman d. diviner

Q: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that it: a. was studied during Darwin's lifetime. b. is the so-called recipe for all biological characteristics and functions in animals. c. was discovered by Mendel. d. is stored in ribosomes.

Q: Neoshamanism differs from traditional shamanism as seen in small-scale societies in that neoshamanism: a. focuses on the individual with the goal of improving one's life b. is based on core shamanism, the universal aspects of shamanism c. deals with the positive aspects of shamanism d. all of the above

Q: A technique of body movements call tensegrity is associated with: a. Neoshamanism b. Akimel O"odham shamanism c. Korean shamanism d. Siberian shamanism

Q: Examples of practices that can be labeled shamanism that are found in today's American society are: a. Pentecostal healers b. Neoshamans c. clown doctors d. all of the above

Q: Chromosome number is reduced during: a. mitosis. b. recombination. c. translation. d. meiosis.

Q: A Korean shaman may be asked to: a. guide the dead to the underworld b. locate game for hunters c. identify and remove layers of illness d. travel along the Axis Mundi to the underworld

Q: DNA: a. is single stranded. b. contains six different nucleotide bases. c. directs cellular function. d. contains the base uracil.

Q: Kyta Baaly is a shaman from: a. Korea b. Shkha, Siberia c. Okinawa d. the American Southwest

Q: Homologous chromosomes: a. are genetically identical. b. carry genetic information that influences the same traits. c. are inherited only from the mother. d. are members of different pairs.