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Q:
Self-inflicted pain leading to a sacrifice of blood characterizes the ritual of the:
a. Huichol
b. Maya
c. Yoruba
d. Nuer
Q:
In your textbook, the lower frequency of sickle-cell anemia among present-day Americans of West African ancestry as compared to people living in West Africa blacks is attributed to:
a. genetic drift.
b. gene flow.
c. new mutations.
d. none of the above
Q:
Darwin observed that adaptations:
a. resulted from supernatural forces.
b. did not vary among Galpagos finches living in different habitats.
c. were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction.
d. were peripheral to evolutionary change.
Q:
Thomas Hunt Morgan:
a. demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes.
b. studied mutations in Homo sapiens.
c. thought change was gradual and occurred over long time periods.
d. proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Q:
The Jewish Yom Kippur and the Islamic Ramadan are both characterized by:
a. fasting
b. ingestion of wine
c. spirit possession states
d. meditation
Q:
The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was:
a. John Ray.
b. Gregor Mendel.
c. Charles Darwin.
d. Robert Hooke.
Q:
An altered state of consciousness can be brought about through:
a. fasting
b. meditation
c. sleep deprivation
d. all of the above
Q:
What were the three key observations made by Darwin that allowed him to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution?
a. Species change and adapt based on environmental pressure, individuals change within their lifetime, and offspring inherit the changes.
b. Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutations provide the change necessary in populations that affect future generations.
c. Organisms produce more offspring than survive, variation exists among members of populations, and advantageous variations increase in relative frequency over time.
d. The number of adults tends to remain the same over time, individuals vary very little over time, and natural selection works on only the best of those adults in each generation.
Q:
The term synesthesia refers to:
a. hypersuggestibility
b. fear of losing self-control
c. one form of sensory experience is translated into another
d. distortion of time
Q:
Fossils represent the remains of once-living:
a. extant species that tell the story of human origins.
b. extinct organisms that provide a record of the history of life on the planet.
c. plants that provide proof of catastrophism.
d. organisms that demonstrate the age of the earth through the process of uniformitarianism.
Q:
Characteristics of an altered state of consciousness include:
a. attachment of new meaning to experiences
b. perceptual distortions and hallucinations
c. sudden and unexpected displays of emotional extremes
d. all of the above
Q:
The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the:
a. gene pool.
b. DNA.
c. phenotype.
d. polygene.
Q:
Characteristics of an altered state of consciousness include:
a. acceleration or slowing of time
b. sudden and unexpected displays of intense emotion
c. various parts of body may appear or feel shrunken, enlarged, distorted, heavy, or weightless
d. all of the above
Q:
Altered states of consciousness are experienced in the way in which the culture interprets it. For example, it might be interpreted as spirit possession.
Q:
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was:
a. Charles Darwin.
b. Georges Cuvier.
c. Carolus Linnaeus.
d. Robert Hooke.
Q:
Marijuana is considered as a sacrament in the Native American Church.
Q:
The geneticist who studied the workings of fruit flies' chromosomes was:
a. Charles Darwin.
b. Gregor Mendel.
c. Thomas Hunt Morgan.
d. Thomas Huxley.
Q:
Mendel's plant experiments demonstrated that:
a. traits inherited from each parent blended together in the offspring.
b. DNA was the molecule carrying the genetic code.
c. peas were a poor choice for understanding basic hereditary principles.
d. traits are passed on from parent to offspring as discrete units.
Q:
Without the work of x-ray crystallographer _______, DNA might not have been discovered for some time longer than it was.
a. James Watson
b. Francis Crick
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Rosalind Franklin
Q:
Pain, caused by placing skewers through the skin, characterizes the Cheyenne Sun Dance.
Q:
The handling of poisonous snakes is a practice of the Native American Church.
Q:
The Holiness Churches use tobacco and alcohol as a sacrament to create contact with the Holy Ghost.
Q:
The forces of evolution include:
a. gene flow, mutations, chromosomes, and genes.
b. mutations, genes, and genetic drift.
c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations.
d. natural selection, genes, alleles, and chromosomes.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a cause of evolution in a population?
a. inheritance of acquired traits
b. mutation
c. gene flow
d. genetic drift
Q:
Evolutionary synthesis is:
a. the concept of evolution through natural selection.
b. a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection.
c. a combination of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and natural selection.
d. the combination of the theory of evolution and Linnaean taxonomy.
Q:
Many societies have prohibitions against eating particular foods. An example would be kashrut, the Jewish laws regarding what foods can and cannot be eaten and how they must be prepared.
Q:
In many societies there are religious obligations that often take the form of ritual, such as saying grace before each meal.
Q:
The advantageous "attributes" to which Darwin refers are now known as:
a. traits.
b. genes.
c. alleles.
d. chromosomes.
Q:
Alcohol is used by the Huichol to achieve an altered state of consciousness during their pilgrimage.
Q:
Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution; however, their ideas all lacked:
a. the longevity necessary for evolution to take place.
b. a basic understanding of inheritance.
c. an understanding of variation.
d. a mechanism for evolutionary change.
Q:
The hajj is a pilgrimage that is a central part of the Islamic religion.
Q:
The English scientist who independently co-discovered the theory of natural selection was:
a. Charles Lyell.
b. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck.
c. Alfred Russell Wallace.
d. Carolus Linnaeus.
Q:
Pharanoic circumcision is a type of genital alteration performed on females in many societies in North and East Africa.
Q:
How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution?
a. He discovered genetic mutation through experiments with pea plants.
b. He proposed the concept of natural selection after his voyage to the Galapagos Islands and his study of finches.
c. He proposed the first serious model of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring through inheritance of acquired characteristics, though that idea turned out to be incorrect.
d. He proposed a concept known today as gene flow.
Q:
Distinctions of rank and care for personal appearance are two of many characteristics of liminality.
Q:
How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth?
a. Darwin was interested in Malthus's examination of population changes in pea plants.
b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability.
c. Darwin liked the concept of Latin taxonomic classification as it pertained to human groups.
d. Darwin was greatly influenced by research on acquired characteristics.
Q:
The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking on population adaptation was:
a. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck.
b. Georges Cuvier.
c. Thomas Malthus.
d. Charles Lyell.
Q:
According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of:
a. individuals.
b. genes.
c. populations.
d. species.
Q:
In the Zulu male puberty ceremony the boy is taken to the river and bathed. His old cloths are destroyed and he puts on new clothes and is presented to the community. This phase of a rite of passage is known as separation.
Q:
Darwin drew on information from the following five scientific disciplines:
a. geology, physical anthropology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and evolutionary biology.
b. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, geography, and evolutionary biology.
c. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and biology.
d. geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and evolutionary biology.
Q:
Bar mitzvahs and quinceaeras are examples of social rites of intensification.
Q:
Revitalization rituals are the same thing as healing rituals.
Q:
Sand paintings are an important element in Navaho therapy rituals.
Q:
James Hutton is associated primarily with:
a. adaptation.
b. catastrophism.
c. uniformitarianism.
d. principles of heredity.
Q:
Exorcism is used primarily for the cure of witchcraft.
Q:
Darwinian evolution proposes that:
a. species adapt and change over time based on the environment.
b. an individual can change within its own lifetime.
c. species adapt based on individual goals.
d. individuals determine their own biological adaptations.
Q:
Thomas Malthus's contribution to natural selection is the:
a. binomial taxonomic system of naming species.
b. theory that the earth's old age is based on geologic evidence resulting from cataclysmic events.
c. observation that an abundance of food would allow a population to increase geometrically and indefinitely, but there simply is not enough food, so populations are limited by food supply.
d. theory that environmental resources increase to population pressures.
Q:
The relevance of the theory of uniformitarianism is that it:
a. supports the theory of catastrophism.
b. proves that changes to the earth were caused by cataclysmic events like earthquakes and floods.
c. allowed the understanding of evidence of change in the geological past by understanding what we see in the present day.
d. demonstrates that the earth is 4.4 billion years old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers.
Q:
The essential difference between a sacrifice and an offering is that a sacrifice is of a human and an offering is of an animal.
Q:
Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?
a. He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research.
b. His work is not considered, as he was mistakenly credited with the theory of natural selection.
c. He was a British dog breeder who worked on artificial selection experiments in the same way Mendel worked on sweet peas to determine inheritance.
d. He was the most prominent scientist of the time who opposed Darwin's work on evolution.
Q:
Reciprocity between humans and gods is often part of the worldview that underlies sacrifices and offerings.
Q:
Uniformitarianism is the theory that:
a. the earth is very old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers in Scotland.
b. the natural processes operating today are the same as the natural processes that operated in the past.
c. the uniformity of species is derived from the common ancestor of all species.
d. processes such as earthquakes are evidence supporting catastrophism as proposed by Lamarck.
Q:
Generally speaking protective rituals tend to be performed in situations that are dangerous and unpredictable.
Q:
Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because it:
a. coined the concept of evolution.
b. synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change.
c. was immediately and widely accepted by the scientific community as the mechanism for evolutionary change.
d. proposed the use of the scientific method for the first time.
Q:
The first-fruit ceremonies of the Cahuilla of the California desert are an example of both a technological ritual and a hunting and gathering rite of intensification.
Q:
Adaptive radiation occurs when:
a. one species gives rise to multiple closely related species.
b. several species adapt to one environment.
c. species adapt to environments with high radiation levels.
d. an individual adapts to varying environments.
Q:
Examples of ideological rituals include therapy and salvation rituals.
Q:
The commandant to remember the Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. Sabbath rituals are therefore prescribed rituals.
Q:
Jewish food prohibitions are:
a. based solely on health and nutrition concerns
b. prescriptive and spelled out in the Torah
c. concerned only with the prohibition on eating pork
d. all of the above
Q:
Discuss the six key attributes that make humans unique relative to other species.
Q:
Mana can be thought of as:
a. impersonal supernatural power
b. food provide by the gods
c. a technique for divination
d. an hallucinogenic cactus
Q:
Discuss the value of the scientific method in our society.
Q:
Provide an imaginary example of the proper use of the scientific method.
Q:
The term tabu refers to:
a. objects and persons that are sacred
b. objects and persons who possess potentially dangerous supernatural power
c. inappropriate modes of behavior
d. all of the above
Q:
The Huichol journey:
a. reenacts the journey of the Ancient Ones
b. involves each person assuming the identify of a god
c. includes the eating of peyote which enables the Huichol to see what the gods see
d. all of the above
Q:
Discuss the steps of the scientific method.
Q:
Human production of stone or lithic tools is an example of:
a. linguistic comprehension.
b. subsistence strategies.
c. material culture.
d. ideology.
Q:
Among the Huichol the peyote cactus is thought to be the:
a. bride of the devil
b. sacrifice of the creator god
c. footprint of the sacred deer
d. food of the sun god
Q:
Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory. Why is the distinction important?
Q:
Examples of pilgrimages includes the:
a. Islamic hajj
b. Catholic journey to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
c. Huichol journey to Wirikuta
d. all of the above
Q:
To increase early humans' chances of hunting success, hunting:
a. was led by females.
b. was conducted with lithic tools and cooperative strategies.
c. was always well planned with a diagram.
d. strategies were developed to include children as bait.
Q:
Examples of genital cutting performed on males include all of the following except:
a. circumcision
b. subincision
c. infibulations
d. none of the above; all are practiced on males
Q:
Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans?
a. physical anthropology
b. archaeology
c. linguistic anthropology
d. cultural anthropology
Q:
The four branches of anthropology are:
a. archaeological, geological, geographical, and biological.
b. physical, biological, cultural, and linguistic.
c. cultural, linguistic, geological, and physical.
d. physical, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic.
Q:
Anthropology views humans as:
a. primates and religious beings.
b. primates, religious, and cultural beings.
c. biological and cultural beings.
d. cultural and religious beings.
Q:
Infibulation means:
a. scarring
b. piercing
c. tattooing
d. stretching
Q:
What makes us human?
a. physiology, culture, and planning
b. biology, culture, and religion
c. physiology, behavior, and religion
d. biology, culture, and behavior
Q:
Closely related to tattooing is scaring. Scarification is known as:
a. corseting
b. cicatrization
c. infibulation
d. nullification
Q:
The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study:
a. potential for life on other planets.
b. the interaction between domestic animals and disease.
c. extinct and living species of primates.
d. changes in marine life.
Q:
Types of modifications of the human body seen in human societies include:
a. modifying the shape of the skull by wrapping the child's skull with cord
b. piercing a part of the body, such as lips or earlobes, and stretching the separated part
c. cutting the foot and bending the foot back and binding it to create a very small foot
d. all of the above