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Anthropology
Q:
All societies have clearly understood terms to label the domain of culture we call religion.
Q:
The essentialist definition of religion emphasizes that region is the domain of the extraordinary.
Q:
An analytic definition focuses on the way that religion manifests itself or is expressed in a culture.
Q:
Culture is based upon the use of symbols or shared understanding about the meaning of things.
Q:
Robert Edgerton believes that all cultural practices are valid and must be accepted in the context of the society's culture.
Q:
Postmodernism highlights the scientific method and rationality in the discovery of knowledge.
Q:
Human universals refer to biological characteristics of human beings that reflect a common biology.
Q:
A person who judges another society in terms of his or her own culture is said to be ethnocentric.
Q:
An outsider who applies his or her own cultural orientation to the analysis of another culture is performing an emic analysis.
Q:
The Fore of New Guinea believe that the disease kuru is caused by evil forest spirits.
Q:
The Fore of New Guinea practice mortuary cannibalism, that is, they eat the body of their deceased relatives.
Q:
Foragers practice simple farming with hand tools, are seminomadic, and lack full-time specialists.
Q:
Northwest Coast, East African Cattle, and Melanesia are names of culture areas.
Q:
Karen McCarthy Brown's study of vodou in New York City is an example of an ethnography.
Q:
Anthropologists frequently apply the term primitive to small-scale societies.
Q:
An important method of field study in anthropology is participant observation.
Q:
The study of religious art excavated from now extinct cultures is a part of the field of archaeology.
Q:
An agnostic:
a. has not made up his mind about the existence of the supernatural
b. believes that there is no supernatural
c. says that it is impossible to prove or disprove the existence of the supernatural
d. none of the above
Q:
The term cognition refers to:
a. unconsciousness
b. the totality of all perceptions
c. conscious intellectual activities including perception, reasoning, and feeling
d. a form of psychotherapy
Q:
Theory of mind refers to the idea that:
a. children are born with "blank slates" and slowly develop a mind through observation and trial and error
b. people are not capable of seeing events as the result of randomness or coincidence
c. people know, or think they know, what is going on in another people's minds
d. the evolution of a large brain was largely responsible for the development of the human mind
Q:
Some neuroscientists conclude that the brain is capable of creating religious experiences. Which of the following is evidence for this conclusion?
a. People suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy often report intense religious experiences as part of their attacks.
b. People who report having intense religious experiences often report having had brain trauma or brain injury in childhoo
d.
c. Brain scans of people in deep meditation show a decreased activity in the parietal lobe of the brain, in an area responsible for giving us a sense of our orientation in space and time.
d. All of the above.
Q:
The approach to the study of religion that is concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between society and the individual is the:
a. psychosocial approach
b. the functional approach
c. the analytic approach
d. the Marxist approach
Q:
The interpretative approach, in which religion is described as a cluster of symbols that together make up a whole, was developed by:
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Melford Spiro
c. Clifford Geertz
d. James Frazer
Q:
Ethnographic fieldwork among the Trobriand Islanders was carried out by:
a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
b. Bronislaw Malinowski
c. Karen McCarthy Brown
d. Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown
Q:
Which of the following anthropologists is most closely associated with the functionalist approach?
a. Melford Spiro
b. Edward Tyler
c. Alfred Radcliff-Brown
d. Bronislaw Malinowski
Q:
There are many approaches to the study of religion in anthropology. One approach is to ask the question: What does religion do? What roles does religion play in human societies? This approach is referred to as the:
a. functional approach
b. psychosocial approach
c. evolutionary approach
d. cognitive approach
Q:
Who wrote, "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature"?
a. Edward Tylor
b. Bronislaw Malinowski
c. Karl Marx
d. Sigmund Freud
Q:
Late nineteenth century anthropologists who saw "primitive" societies as presenting an early stage in the development of religion were using the:
a. functional approach
b. essentialist approach
c. evolutionary approach
d. psychoanalytic approach
Q:
The concept of animatism refers to a belief:
a. in spirit beings
b. that it is impossible to prove the existence of a supernatural power
c. that humans are set off from the animal world
d. in an impersonal supernatural power
Q:
The operant definition of religion proposed in this textbook includes the following characteristics:
a. a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural beings
b. a focus on the sacred supernatural
c. an articulation of a worldview and moral code through narratives
d. all of the above
Q:
The term supernatural refers to:
a. an attitude of reverence and respect
b. a belief in spirit beings such as spirits and gods
c. belief in a general supernatural force
d. things that are above the natural and not subject to the laws of nature
Q:
A belief in spirit beings is termed:
a. animatism
b. animism
c. agnosticism
d. anthropocentrism
Q:
A definition of religion that is concerned with the role that religion plays in a society is a(n):
a. analytic definition
b. functional definition
c. essentialist definition
d. psychosocial definition
Q:
In an analytic definition of religion, the study of the organization and leadership of a religious system represents the:
a. social dimension
b. ritual dimension
c. institutional dimension
d. narrative dimension
Q:
Defining terms so they are observable and measurable is called a(n):
a. analytic definition
b. functional definition
c. anthropological definition
d. operant definition
Q:
The first use of the term culture in anthropology appeared in 1871 in a book written by:
a. James Frazer
b. Robert Edgerton
c. Edward Tylor
d. Melford Spiro
Q:
Culture consists of:
a. innate behavioral patterns that humans share with the apes
b. an appreciation of the fine arts and literature
c. nutrients upon which bacteria can grow
d. learned and traditional patterns of behavior
Q:
The point of view that all knowledge is a human "construction," that there are multiple viewpoints and truths, and that we must be aware of our own viewpoints and biases, is referred to as:
a. modernity
b. essentialism
c. postmodernism
d. Marxism
Q:
The Wogeo of New Guinea believe that Wogeo traditions are the only valid traditions in the world and that Wogeo speech is uniquely pure. They refuse to speak the languages of the communities with which they trade because their neighbors make the sounds of dogs. This attitude is an example of:
a. cultural relativism
b. ethnocentrism
c. morality
d. righteousness
Q:
After cremating their dead, the Yanomam grind the ashes and later add the ashes to a banana stew to be consume
d. Most Americans might feel that drinking the ashes of the dead to be disgusting. On the other hand, anthropology tells us that we should not judge the customs of others by our own standards. This latter attitude towards other cultures is called:
a. holism
b. ethnocentrism
c. cultural relativism
d. participant observation
Q:
Anthropologists attempt to see the world through the eyes of the people in the community they are studying. This is:
a. emic analysis
b. functional analysis
c. etic analysis
d. psychosocial analysis
Q:
From the etic perspective, Western medicine sees kuru as an infectious disease. From the emic perspective, the Fore believe that kuru is caused by the:
a. breaking of a tabu
b. displeasure of an ancestral spirit
c. transmission of a microorganism
d. activities of a sorcerer doing evil magic
Q:
The Fore believe that kuru is caused by the:
a. breaking of a taboo
b. displeasure of an ancestral spirit
c. transmission of a microorganism
d. activities of a sorcerer doing evil magic
Q:
Kuru, a disease found among the Fore, is caused by:
a. microscopic particles transmitted through cannibalism
b. a parasite transmitted through poorly-cooked pork
c. a hereditary factor passed on through the mother to her children
d. toxins introduced by Indonesian mining operations
Q:
Societies characterized by low population density, no full-time specialists or social stratification, whose food is obtained primarily from gathering, hunting, and fishing are:
a. foragers
b. pastoralists
c. horticulturalists
d. intensive agriculturalists
Q:
Two main ways that anthropologists organize societies are by:
a. culture area and food getting strategies
b. level of religious complexity and gender stratification
c. gender ratio and child rearing strategies
d. kinship system and language spoken
Q:
Geographical areas wherein are found societies that share a great many characteristics are known as:
a. culture areas
b. ethnographic zones
c. ecological regions
d. societal areas
Q:
Which of the following might also be referred to as an ethnographer?
a. a physical anthropologist
b. an archaeologist
c. a cultural anthropologist
d. a linguistic anthropologist
Q:
An anthropologist travels to the Fore of New Guinea and produces an ethnography. This ethnography is a(n):
a. comparison of Fore society with other New Guinea societies
b. a description of Fore society and culture
c. analysis of the Fore language
d. analysis of the biological and genetic characteristics of the Fore people
Q:
An example of an ethnography is:
a. Goodall's study of chimpanzee behavior
b. Herskovits's study of economic anthropology
c. Johanson's study of the fossil hominids from Hadar
d. Malinowski's study of the Trobriand Islanders
Q:
An ethnography is a:
a. comparative study of the social systems of many societies
b. study of the physical characteristics of a human population
c. analysis of a nonhuman primate species
d. descriptive study of a society or culture
Q:
A method of studying communities that is unique to anthropology is:
a. questionnaires
b. participant observation
c. psychological tests
d. recording of oral literature and songs
Q:
Anthropologists study societies as systematic sums of their parts, a concept known as:
a. relativism
b. ethnology
c. holism
d. postmodernism
Q:
A study of a people's religious beliefs and rituals would be a part of the study of:
a. cultural anthropology
b. linguistics
c. archaeology
d. physical anthropology
Q:
Which of the following would not be an appropriate task for an anthropologist?
a. translating a religious text in the Navaho language
b. excavating the ruins of a Mayan temple
c. filming an American religious ceremony
d. studying the chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park
e. all of the above would be appropriate tasks
Q:
Like Zande witches, Navaho witches are born with a physical substance within their bodies that are responsible for their witchcraft.
Q:
The English word "actress" is an unmarked form.
A. True
B. False
Q:
Linguistic anthropology is interested primarily in the social and cultural contexts in which language is used, and for the most part leaves study of the structure of language to structural linguists.
A. True
B. False
Q:
Research into "African" scam letters reveals that most authors of such letters live in Nigeria.
A. True
B. False
Q:
Harriet and Davi Ottenheimer have presented their research at corporate security training sessions.
A. True
B. False
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists see language as a practice, something that human beings do rather than only an thing or an entity.
A. True
B. False
Q:
The use of the suffix {-ovaÌ} in Czech
a. indicates not only "femaleness' but also a sort of "belonging to".
b. has been embraced by young women in the 21st century as a way of celebrating their heritage.
c. was rejected by feminists in the 1960s and is no longer used.
d. is identical to the English suffix "-ess" as in hostess or actress.
Q:
The fact that most women who work in theater today refer to themselves as actors
a. is a sign of too much political correctness.
b. just sounds silly, as if they were claiming to be men.
c. is a successful effort to remove one case of gender bias in English.
d. cannot have any impact on the way these women are perceived.
Q:
When linguistic anthropologist Jill Brody was called on to be a court interpreter for a speaker of Tojol ab"al
a. the officers of the court doubted her fluency in the language.
b. she limited herself to simply translating the questions and responses, as she was required to do by the courtroom setting.
c. she violated the norms of the setting to provide cultural translation.
d. the defendant was found innocent of all charges due to her persistent efforts on his behalf.
Q:
Globish, a potential lingua franca of the 21st century, is
a. a Mock English which indexes stereotypes of Anglophones.
b. a simplified, idiom-free form of English.
c. a form of language ideally suited to poetry and music lyrics.
d. taught in many international business schools today.
Q:
Members of the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma ____________________________________________
a. have engaged in concerted work to revitalize their language, NaÌ"ishaÌœ.
b. ceased speaking their language, NaÌ"ishaÌœ in the 19th century.
c. have no interest in maintaining their language, NaÌ"ishaÌœ.
d. are almost all fluent or semi-fluent in their language, NaÌ"ishaÌœ.
Q:
Ottenheimer describes using the tools of linguistic anthropology while serving on a committee writing policy
a. establishing a curriculum for foreign language instruction.
b. regulating the use of laptops and cell phones in the classroom.
c. prohibiting racial and ethnic harassment.
d. designating appropriate terms of address for faculty.
Q:
The term for efforts to maintain languages which are currently endangered is
a. language renaissance.
b. language resuscitation.
c. language aid.
d. language.revitalization.
Q:
The term ___________ is an unmarked form in English.
a. actress
b. nurse
c. waitress
d. bachelor
Q:
Linguistic indication of non-neutral forms of words is called
a. marking.
b. painting.
c. noting.
d. switching.
Q:
Cognates are:
a. words that can have more than one meaning depending on the individual.
b. words with exactly the same pronunciation and meaning in different languages.
c. words that are used by the elite members of a society to mark their status.
d. words related by descent from a common language.
Q:
The English-only laws that were passed in the early 1900s in Nebraska were primarily intended to suppress the use of which language?
a. Spanish
c. Omaha
c. Yiddish
d. German
Q:
Monolingualism is quite rare in countries throughout the world.TrueFalse
Q:
"Proto-World" is a highly developed reconstructed protolanguage.
True
False
Q:
Codeswitching is primarily a matter of making syntactic choices.
True
False
Q:
In cases of non-accomodating bilingualism, speakers of one language cannot understand anything that speakers of the other language say..
True
False
Q:
The languages and dialects you understand can identify you almost as much as the ones that you speak.
True
False
Q:
Languages and dialects are more accurately described as flexible collections of linguistic practice rather than concrete unchanging entities
True
False
Q:
There is a clear difference between a dialect and a language.
True
False
Q:
Once we have reconstructed a protolanguage, we should be able to infer something about the culture of the people who spoke the language and the region in which it may have been spoken.
True
False