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Q:
The primary difference between a village head and a "big man" is that
A. a big man can enforce his decisions.
B. a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C. a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D. a big man's high status is ascribed, while a village head's high status is achieved.
E. village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
Q:
The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in
A. Melanesia.
B. Polynesia.
C. the Great Plains of North America.
D. southern Europe.
E. Papua New Guinea.
Q:
The Basseri and the Qashqai
A. were nomadic foraging groups in Iran.
B. enjoyed a symbiotic relationshipbetween the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists.
C. differ in leadership because a Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example.
D. differ in authority structure, with the Qashqai featuring a more complex and hierarchical structure than the Basseri.
E. were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
Q:
________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms.
A. The market principle
B. The redistribution principle
C. Generalized reciprocity
D. Balanced reciprocity
E. Negative reciprocity
Q:
Big men accumulate wealth because
A. they are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B. the term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C. they are typically war leaders, and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D. to become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E. big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q:
A big man's position does NOT depend on
A. hard work.
B. inherited status.
C. generosity.
D. personal charisma.
E. accumulation of wealth.
Q:
According to Weber, the basis of social status is
A. wealth.
B. age.
C. prestige.
D. intelligence.
E. power.
Q:
Social scientists use the term ________ to refer to the socially approved use of power.
A. authority
B. influence
C. prestige
D. stratification
E. endogamy
Q:
An age set is
A. a village council.
B. a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement.
C. all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor.
D. all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor.
E. a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.
Q:
________ is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state.
A. Personality
B. Socioeconomic class
C. Speaking ability
D. Anthropomorphism
E. Physical size
Q:
States require specialized functions, including
A. a judiciary.
B. fiscal support.
C. population control.
D. enforcement.
E. All these answers are correct.
Q:
Kin groups with members who are related to a common ancestor are
A. bands.
B. sodalities.
C. age sets.
D. secret societies.
E. descent groups.
Q:
Foraging economies are usually associated with a ________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. state
D. chiefdom
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
If rights to land are passed on through descent groups, the ________ adaptive strategy is most likely.
A. large-game hunting
B. nonindustrial food producing
C. reciprocal
D. foraging
E. redistribution
Q:
________ is NOT associated with the market principle.
A. Profit motive
B. The law of supply and demand
C. Fixed values for products
D. Bargaining
E. Industrialism
Q:
Paying taxes is an example of
A. generalized reciprocity.
B. balanced reciprocity.
C. the market principle.
D. redistribution.
E. negative reciprocity.
Q:
Potlatch is a
A. festive event where the sponsors give away gifts and gain prestige in return.
B. fastening device for the first pottery, to keep animals out of the food.
C. harvest festival in agricultural cultures.
D. lock for the outhouse shaped like a pot.
E. rite of intensification to solidify group bonds.
Q:
When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran away from him because
A. he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted.
B. he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman.
C. they were afraid that he was working with the national government to take away their land.
D. they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls.
E. they thought he was a vampire.
Q:
The Betsileo view of money changed, and now they
A. use coins.
B. have a full economic system.
C. have many people who desire cash.
D. are self-sufficient.
E. also need money for food.
Q:
In a(n) ________, most leaders will acquire their positions because of their personal backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity.
A. tribal society
B. feudal state
C. imagined community
D. chiefdom
E. agrarian, preindustrial state
Q:
For much of human history, people lived in societies characterized by a ________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. chiefdom
D. state
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
A "big man" is a
A. person who holds a permanent political office.
B. hereditary ruler.
C. person of influence and prestige.
D. leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity.
E. leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine.
Q:
In nonstate societies,
A. professional armies conduct warfare.
B. political institutions are separate from economic institutions.
C. social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion.
D. economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.
E. all political power is based on religion.
Q:
In band societies, ________ determine the amount of respect or status individuals enjoy.
A. ranks ascribed at birth
B. culturally valued personal attributes
C. possessions and their monetary value
D. labor amounts extracted spouses and children
E. genealogical relationships to apical ancestors
Q:
The ________ society has village heads.
A. Qashqai
B. San
C. Kapauku
D. Yanomami
E. Basseri
Q:
When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a
A. social fund.
B. subsistence fund.
C. ceremonial fund.
D. replacement fund.
E. rent fund.
Q:
Economies are embedded in society because
A. nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B. nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
D. governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E. most economic activity takes place far from home.
Q:
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is
A. an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy.
B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
C. the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society.
D. a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired.
E. an example of negative reciprocity.
Q:
The term alienation describes ________ in industrial economies.
A. the peasants' loss of land
B. an increasing subculture of poverty
C. negative reciprocity
D. the separation of workers from the things they produce
E. the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
Q:
All peasants
A. produce food without elaborate technology.
B. live in industrial states.
C. are foragers.
D. sell all of the food they produce.
E. own the land that they cultivate.
Q:
When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of
A. balanced reciprocity.
B. positive reciprocity.
C. negative reciprocity.
D. specialized reciprocity.
E. generalized reciprocity.
Q:
Agriculturalists
A. clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass.
B. generally work less than horticulturalists.
C. must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land.
D. use their land intensively and continuously.
E. have a more varied diet than that of horticulturalists.
Q:
The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year is
A. nomadism.
B. migration.
C. transhumance.
D. potlatching.
E. redistribution.
Q:
________ occurs in all human societies.
A. The gender-based division of labor
B. Transhumance
C. Highly specialized technology
D. The domestication of animals for food
E. Terracing
Q:
Which of these statements is true of how horticulture and agriculture differ?
A. Horticulture involves the use of domesticated animals, while agriculture does not.
B. Because agriculturalists do not irrigate their fields, they are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C. Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D. Horticulture is labor intensive, while agriculture is land intensive.
E. Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
Q:
A mode of production is
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international mercantilism.
B. the land, labor, and technology used in production.
C. the way production is organized in a society.
D. a technology used to produce consumer goods.
E. the cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry.
Q:
Shifting cultivation
A. typically involves the use of draft animals.
B. cannot support permanent villages.
C. requires irrigation.
D. requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E. relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q:
________ is NOT one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology.
A. Pastoralism
B. Redistribution
C. Agriculture
D. Industrialism
E. Foraging
Q:
All humans were foragers until approximately
A. 10 million years ago.
B. 1 million years ago.
C. 100,000 years ago.
D. 12,000 years ago.
E. 1,000 years ago.
Q:
The __________ are NOT foragers.
A. Basseri of Iran
B. Australian aborigines
C. Mbuti of Congo
D. Eskimos of Alaska and Canada
E. San of the Kalahari Desert
Q:
A common social unit among foragers is the
A. tribe.
B. chiefdom.
C. segmentary lineage.
D. state.
E. band.
Q:
Obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A. cultivation.
B. swiddening.
C. fallowing.
D. symbiosis.
E. transhumance.
Q:
Horticulture makes intensive use of
A. labor.
B. land.
C. machinery.
D. capital.
E. none of these factors of production.
Q:
Transhumance is a form of
A. horticulture.
B. pastoralism.
C. foraging.
D. agriculture.
E. reciprocity.
Q:
________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies.
A. Social stratification
B. Sedentism
C. Egalitarianism
D. Irrigation
E. Large population
Q:
Agricultural intensification is NOT associated with
A. greater ecological diversity.
B. deforestation.
C. increased regulation of interpersonal relations.
D. increased potential for conflict.
E. population growth.
Q:
________ is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation.
A. Intensive use of land and human labor
B. Irrigation and terracing
C. The use of draft animals
D. Locations in arid areas
E. The slash-and-burn technique
Q:
Means of production include
A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism.
B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity.
C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.
D. kinship, descent, and marriage.
E. land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Most present-day foragers
A. primarily fish for subsistence.
B. are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D. live in marginal environments.
E. adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
Q:
People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.
Q:
Through potlatching, food and wealth were transferred from wealthy to needy communities, while potlatch sponsors and their villages were rewarded with prestige.
Q:
Unlike industrial workers in most developing countries, female factory employees in Malaysia enjoy very good working conditions (e.g., high wages, job security, unionization).
Q:
Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies focus on domesticated animals.
Q:
Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
Q:
Intensive agriculture has the benefit of increasing ecological diversity.
Q:
Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.
Q:
In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.
Q:
In nonindustrial societies, economic activities and relationships are embedded in society.
Q:
Although the productivity per area of agriculture is much greater, horticultural yields are more dependable in the end.
Q:
The market principle dominates in the economies of foraging societies.
Q:
Unlike foraging and cultivation, which existed throughout the world before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism was confined to North America.
Q:
With transhumance, the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year.
Q:
A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Societies with the same adaptive strategy also tend to have comparable modes of production.
Q:
Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming, including the use of slash-and-burn techniques.
Q:
With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not know each other.
Q:
The market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity are examples of adaptive strategies.
Q:
Define adaptive strategy. Identify the five adaptive strategies in Cohen's typology of societies. Discuss how Cohen links economy and social features.
Q:
Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society's system of economic production.
Q:
Describe how a rent fund is different from a subsistence fund. Cite examples to illustrate your argument.
Q:
Most modern foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from other modern, agricultural, and industrial societies.
Q:
List some of the primary differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging groups.
Q:
Determine if the contrast between horticulture and agriculture is one of degree or of kind. Cite ethnographic evidence to support your answer.
Q:
Describe how people in all societies maximize, and identify what they maximize. Determine if maximization is a cultural universal, and explain your answer.
Q:
Determine if reciprocity, redistribution, and the market principle are mutually exclusive in any given society. Give examples, including contemporary North America.
Q:
Define alienation, and describe the conditions when alienation is more or less likely to occur. Explain why.
Q:
Contrast generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. Describe how negative reciprocity differs from the market principle.
Q:
Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight variations in color.
Q:
All languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
Q:
Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics.