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Anthropology
Q:
________ is NOT a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers.
A. The genealogical method
B. Participant observation
C. Conversation
D. The online questionnaire
E. The interview schedule
Q:
________ refers to the study of an area or population over time.
A. Team research
B. Etic research
C. Longitudinal research
D. Survey research
E. Genealogical method
Q:
________ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
A. Representative sample
B. Etic informant
C. Key cultural consultant
D. Biased informant
E. Life historian
Q:
The ________ researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations.
A. ethnographer
B. sociologist
C. economist
D. palynologist
E. limnologist
Q:
In survey research, a sample should
A. include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher.
C. not be randomly selected.
D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made.
E. be invariant.
Q:
________ is a key technique because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies.
A. The life history
B. Participant observation
C. The genealogical method
D. The interview schedule
E. Network analysis
Q:
The fact that ________ gives an interview schedule the advantage over a questionnaire-based survey.
A. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important
B. interview schedules rely on very short responses
C. questionnaires are completely unstructured
D. interview schedules are better suited to complex, urban societies
E. questionnaires are emic, while interview schedules are etic
Q:
In survey research, the term ________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population.
A. unknowns
B. questionnaires
C. interviews
D. variables
E. random samples
Q:
Which of the following statements about survey research is accurate?
A. When working with large societies, the survey method not useful.
B. Sample groups should be comprised of only the leaders in a community.
C. Polling is a common survey technique used as a predictive tool.
D. Inferences should not be made from sample data.
E. Surveys are useful because they provide one-on-one opportunity for the researcher.
Q:
Sociologists primarily study
A. nonindustrial societies.
B. small, nonliterate populations.
C. the daily life of another culture.
D. the industrial West.
E. the industrial East.
Q:
Salvage ethnography is the
A. recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization.
B. recovering of an archaeological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road.
C. rewriting of an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present.
D. recording of linguistic diversity that is about to become extinct.
E. effort to ensure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology.
Q:
The AAA disapproves of the Human Terrain System because
A. the program, aimed at using land more effectively for farming, does not consider the needs of the local populations.
B. it forces archaeologists to excavate areas that are not in danger of destruction and have no impact on current research questions.
C. the AAA would like research to remain focused on American subcultures.
D. the AAA believes the military should make decisions about which research projects should be funded.
E. it places anthropologists in positions that would violate the AAA Code of Ethics.
Q:
Describe the ethical obligations of anthropologists working in foreign countries.
Q:
Describe the different styles of ethnography that have occurred through time.
Q:
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
A. be completely useless, as he or she is in culture shock.
B. spend time recovering from jet lag.
C. only hand out gifts to the children of the culture.
D. notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity, which eventually fade from consciousness.
E. read background history on the culture.
Q:
The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a postharvest festival like many other societies is the ________ view.
A. etic
B. consultant
C. emic
D. sociologist's
E. participant observation
Q:
Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on
A. the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives.
B. a particular aspect of culture, such as kinship or religion.
C. the anthropologist's interactions in the culture.
D. the feminist view of culture.
E. a holistic view of all aspects of a culture.
Q:
The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is
A. the ethnographic present.
B. interpretive ethnography.
C. reflexive ethnography.
D. classic ethnography.
E. holistic anthropology.
Q:
________ is the ethnographic present.
A. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture
B. The period before Westernization
C. The period that documents cultural change
D. The dates that include cultural contact
E. The date the ethnography was published
Q:
When studying a culture today, anthropologists
A. must focus on one site at one point in time.
B. will not take photos of their informants due to privacy laws.
C. try to find cultures that have never been contacted by another culture.
D. must consider power differentials and how they affect cultures.
E. only study cultures with no access to television.
Q:
Kottak describes his ________ on his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil.
A. culture shock
B. the ethnographic present
C. survey techniques
D. interview schedules
E. bifocality of the local and the outside world
Q:
Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is known as
A. longitudinal research.
B. emic research.
C. etic research.
D. informed consent.
E. participant observation.
Q:
Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research
A. studies whole functioning communities.
B. is based on first-hand fieldwork.
C. is more personal.
D. generally focuses on a subset of a larger population.
E. has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial societies.
Q:
In survey research, sampling is
A. the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C. participant observation.
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community.
E. the recording of the emic perspective.
Q:
The ________ strategy is unique to anthropology.
A. comparison
B. biological perspective
C. ethnography
D. evolutionary perspective
E. skilled respondents
Q:
Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures they learned as children.
Q:
Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter the threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
Q:
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society.
B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions.
C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
D. simply disregarded by most researchers.
E. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
Q:
The Internet has hindered the process of globalization.
Q:
To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must
A. get permission from the American Anthropological Association.
B. pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed.
C. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them.
D. get permission from the United States' State Department.
E. hold a PhD in anthropology.
Q:
According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing.
Q:
Anthropologists should remain with the group they are studying for
A. less than one month, in order to not overstay their welcome.
B. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities.
C. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time.
D. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once.
E. three months, in order to see a full harvest cycle.
Q:
People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.
Q:
The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures.
Q:
Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.
Q:
Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
Q:
Culture is transmitted in society.
Q:
The word cat is a symbol.
Q:
Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.
Q:
By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
Q:
Cultural relativism is a core value of American society.
Q:
Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.
Q:
Although culture is one of the principal means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival.
Q:
Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.
Q:
Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
Q:
Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.
Q:
The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
Q:
Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive. Identify why it is important to understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.
Q:
Culture is transmitted genetically.
Q:
Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or different. Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an anthropologist's work.
Q:
Explain the differences among cultural universals, generalities, and particularities. Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q:
Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it. Discuss how globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.
Q:
Researchers have observed Japanese macaques making and using "termiting" sticks in the wild.
Q:
Describe how human adaptability relates to culture.
Q:
Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change.
Q:
Discuss the different kinds of learning, and identify the kind of learning upon which culture depends.
Q:
Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.
Q:
Describe the extent to which the use of tools is unique to humans. Illustrate your answer with examples from studies of nonhuman animals, including other primates.
Q:
Explore what studies of wild chimpanzees indicate about the nature of chimpanzee hunting behavior, and describe some possible implications of this behavior for our understanding of early hominin social organization.
Q:
Describe the biological features that humans share with primates and how they provide a biological basis for cultural attributes. Define how human culture is similar to and different from aspects of primate life.
Q:
Anthropologists consider ________ to be "cultured."
A. educated people
B. key cultural consultants
C. ethnocentric people
D. culturally sensitive people
E. all people
Q:
Which of the following human rights attempts to conserve each society's core beliefs, knowledge, and practices in relation to commercial value?
A. cultural
B. social
C. individual property
D. intellectual property
E. religious
Q:
________ refers to the process by which humans innovate to creatively find solutions to problems.
A. Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Globalization
E. Diffusion
Q:
Humans do NOT share such features as ________ with other primates.
A. opposable thumbs
B. an enlarged brain-to-body ratio
C. depth perception
D. parental investment in offspring
E. habitual bipedalism
Q:
Humans do NOT share such features as ________ with chimpanzees.
A. tool use
B. meat eating
C. stereoscopic vision
D. high intelligence
E. visible estrus
Q:
Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that
A. chimps are habitual hunters.
B. male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C. chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D. while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E. chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.
Q:
________ is unique to humans.
A. Social life
B. Tool use
C. Meat eating
D. Food sharing
E. Preserved kinship systems
Q:
Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute.
Q:
________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another.
A. Forced
B. Direct
C. Indirect
D. Enculturated
E. Bilateral
Q:
________ refers to the cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Enculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Colonization
E. Imperialism
Q:
________ refers to processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.
A. Acculturation
B. Diffusion
C. Globalization
D. Enculturation
E. Independent invention
Q:
The media help propel a transnational culture of ________, as they spread information about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.
A. conflict
B. tolerance
C. invention
D. electronic communication
E. consumerism
Q:
The emergence of agriculture in the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of
A. acculturation.
B. enculturation.
C. independent invention.
D. colonization.
E. diffusion.
Q:
What people say they do or should do is
A. imagined culture.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. agency.
D. ideal culture.
E. verbal culture.
Q:
________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.
A. Subcultures
B. Globalization
C. Diffusion
D. Hypodescent
E. Pidgins
Q:
Which of the following are cultural particularities?
A. features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B. features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C. different levels of culture
D. the most general aspects of culture patterns
E. cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups
Q:
Which statement is NOT true?
A. "All human groups have culture."
B. "Culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs."
C. "Human groups differ in their capacities for culture."
D. "The capacity for culture is shared by all humans."
E. "Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans."
Q:
Which statement is NOT true?
A. "Culture is a distinctive possession of humanity."
B. "Culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation."
C. "Culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations."
D. "Everyone is cultured."
E. "Culture is transmitted genetically."
Q:
Which statement is NOT true?
A. "Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures."
B. "Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others."
C. "Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures."
D. "Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other."
E. "Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole."
Q:
Cultural rights are different from human rights in that
A. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.