Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Anthropology
Q:
Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles for today's environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation.
Q:
Deforestation helps cool the planet by allowing more sunlight to be reflected back into space.
Q:
Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.
Q:
Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known as zoonotic diseases.
Q:
Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it.
Q:
________ describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
A. Essentialism
B. Marketing
C. Autochthony
D. Patrimony
E. Fluidity
Q:
Cultural forces are indigenized when native traditions are presented to and appreciated by the former colonialists, who acknowledge these forces as indigenous or native.
Q:
Identities are
A. fixed by both genotype and phenotype.
B. never dependent on context.
C. not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.
D. fictions.
E. creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence.
Q:
Mass media can play an important role is constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities.
Q:
________ is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptionsthat is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
A. Ethnoecology
B. Ecological imperialism
C. Indigenized
D. Ecological anthropology
E. Essentialism
Q:
Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork.
Q:
Scientists prefer the term climate change to global warming. Climate change points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.
Q:
Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation, not human activity.
Q:
Ethnoecology is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptionsthat is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
Q:
Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
Q:
When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money.
Q:
To Arjun Appadurai (1990), "________" describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.
A. postmodern
B. ethnocentric
C. translocal
D. essentialized
E. diasporic
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of postmodernism?
A. The term originally referred to a style and movement in architecture.
B. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.
C. It has a clear and functional design or structure.
D. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.
E. It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms.
Q:
________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canonsrules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.
A. Chaos
B. Entropy
C. Postmodern
D. Agoraphobia
E. Diaspora
Q:
Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?
A. indio
B. indigenous people
C. mestizo
D. autochthon
E. freedom fighter
Q:
In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas?
A. indigena (indigenous person)
B. civilian
C. citizen
D. cultural patrimony
E. autochthon
Q:
The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
A. political reforms involving a restructuring of the state.
B. their cultural distinctiveness.
C. an implicit call for excluding strangers.
D. limited self government.
E. sustainable development and political representation.
Q:
Unlike indigenous peoples, the term ________ highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide and has been claimed by majority groups in Europe.
A. indigenous people
B. autochthon
C. mestizo
D. Euroindio
E. freedom fighter
Q:
Cases of local communities using modern technology to preserve and revise their traditions
A. are examples of hidden ethnocide.
B. are becoming more common.
C. contradict Gramsci's theory of hegemony.
D. are becoming increasingly rare, due to the cost of this technology.
E. suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.
Q:
Cultural meaning is
A. imposed by a text.
B. locally created.
C. inherent in a text.
D. produced by a text, not from it.
E. determined only by the author.
Q:
What Caribbean people did Grasmuck and Pessar characterize as living "between two islands?"
A. Dominicans
B. Puerto Ricans
C. Cubans
D. Jamaicans
E. Trinidadians
Q:
Anthropology teaches us that the adaptive responses of humans can be more flexible than those of other species because our main adaptive means are
A. biocultural.
B. ethnocentric.
C. chosen through free will.
D. sociocultural.
E. anthropomorphic.
Q:
Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?
A. the growing population of the poorer nations in the world
B. proper climatic changes
C. having scientists decide on a definition of climate change
D. meeting energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India
E. a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change
Q:
Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology. This field
A. focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment.
B. studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.
C. is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change.
D. has limited present value, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems.
E. studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts."
Q:
Because of global climate change, arctic landscapes and ecosystems are changing rapidly and perceptibly, as the residents of Newtok, Alaska, can attest. With the land upon which they have built their homes slowly melting and sinking, they have appealed to the state and federal governments for assistance in helping them cover the costs of moving their town to a different location. Ironically,
A. the land upon which the Alaskan state government buildings are located is also melting.
B. the residents of Newtok have discovered oil on their land, making their appeal for funds less convincing.
C. a senator from Alaska has a vacation home in Newtok, Alaska, and so is personally committed to addressing the predicament of the town.
D. decades ago, the U.S. government mandated that they and other Alaskan natives abandon a nomadic life based on hunting and fishing for sedentism.
E. the economic activity of the town of Newtok is extremely polluting and thus a big contributor to the environmental changes that have turned its residents into the first climate change refugees in the United States.
Q:
Today's ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand environmental problems but also to
A. find solutions, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.
B. prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems.
C. work closely with state agencies, among whom they do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change.
D. contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
E. promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights.
Q:
Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change?
A. exodus
B. imperialism
C. acculturation
D. enculturation
E. migration
Q:
Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests also is a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT
A. demographic pressure, from births or immigration, on subsistence economies.
B. commercial logging and road building.
C. cash cropping.
D. the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.
E. fuel needs associated with urban expansion.
Q:
________ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Hegemony
C. Enculturation
D. Diffusion
E. Colonialism
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the possible consequences experienced after the "shock phase" of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders?
A. increased mortality
B. a broad-spectrum revolution
C. fragmentation of kin groups
D. damaged social support systems
E. disrupted subsistence
Q:
How does acculturation differ from diffusion, or cultural borrowing?
A. It can occur without firsthand contact.
B. It only affects one of the two groups.
C. It can occur when two nonindustrial societies come into contact.
D. It requires firsthand contact.
E. It affects both groups equally.
Q:
Vietnamese children learning French history in French colonial schools is an example of
A. bilingual education.
B. diffusion.
C. cultural borrowing.
D. cultural imperialism.
E. ethnocide.
Q:
What is the name of the Brazilian danceplay that reenacts the Portuguese discovery of Brazil?
A. Arembepeiros
B. Chegana
C. Parantins
D. Carnaval
E. Dia do Descobrimento
Q:
________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures.
A. Diasporation
B. Symbolic domination
C. Cultural imperialism
D. Conquest
E. Colonialism
Q:
The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences.
Q:
Postsocialist Russia's economy was growing again by 2010, as were its birth rate and average life expectancy.
Q:
"Greenwashing" describes a protest tactic used by militant eco groups, whereby they douse executives of multinational corporations in green paint.
Q:
The U.S. government continues to subsidize its own corn farmers, who otherwise would go out of business.
Q:
What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
Q:
What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate, and what are its features? What are core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?
Q:
What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did life in that period differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to an anthropologist?
Q:
How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.
Q:
How is the world stratification system related to structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?
Q:
Based on the way the text defines imperialism and colonialism, do you think that they describe phenomena of the past? These terms have been used recently to describe current international affairs. Find an example of this, and compare the use of the term to its definition in the text.
Q:
Hundreds of ethnic groups and so-called tribes are colonial constructs. What does this meandoes it suggest that they are only imaginary and therefore of no consequence? Provide illustrations with your answers.
Q:
Ethnographic research in postsocialist societies is thriving. What are some of the common problems typical of these societies? Why would an ethnographic approach be advantageous to addressing these problems?
Q:
Because our planet's climate is always changing, the key question becomes, how much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly
A. evolutionary.
B. ecological.
C. anthropogenic.
D. moral.
E. indigenized.
Q:
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gaseswater vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozonelife as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that
A. most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases.
B. the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down.
C. scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and a life-threatening force.
D. global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change.
E. it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.
Q:
Belgian colonial administrators were careful to use culturally significant differences to distinguish between the Hutus and Tutsis.
Q:
Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule.
Q:
Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists.
Q:
The domestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them.
Q:
English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939. Standards of comfort rose, as did prosperity for all but a select few.
Q:
The United States originally started out as a peripheral nation, but by 1900 it had asserted itself as a member of the industrialized core.
Q:
Mass production has led to critical consumption as people are forced to make careful decisions regarding what is needed and what is excess.
Q:
Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations.
Q:
The British notion of the "white man's burden" was similar to the French concept mission civilisatrice, in that both were racist ideologies used to justify the colonial efforts of their respective countries.
Q:
French colonial strategies incorporated both direct and indirect rule.
Q:
Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.
Q:
One consequence of the ongoing globalization of work and migration is that skilled Western workers must now compete against well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India, where an experienced software programmer earns one-fifth the average salary of a comparable U.S. worker.
Q:
Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.
Q:
The Industrial Revolution did not begin in France, because the French domestic manufacturing system could produce satisfactorily without innovating.
Q:
The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example, a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later.
Q:
Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry.
Q:
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive.
Q:
Weber argued that without Catholic ethics and values, capitalism and industrialism would have never spread beyond England.
Q:
Who are indigenous peoples?
A. people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states
B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite
C. original inhabitants of particular areas
D. any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system
E. people who have emigrated to a new country
Q:
As this chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" segment notes, around the world many contemporary nations are repeatingat an accelerated ratethe process of resource depletion that started in Europe and the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Fortunately, however,
A. this resource depletion is very localized, since extractive enterprises have been using new technologies that completely eliminate negative externalities.
B. the money made from this resource depletion always benefits the host communities and countries.
C. resource depletion now is more than 80 percent sustainable.
D. today's world has some environmental watchdogsmany of them anthropologistswho did not exist during the first centuries of the Industrial Revolution.
E. anthropologists are increasingly being consulted prior to the start of new resource extraction projects.
Q:
This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" discusses outsourcing jobs to countries outside the United States. What is an outcome of this process?
A. decreased profits for U.S. corporations
B. an increase in union membership within the U.S.
C. corporations realizing the importance of workers' rights
D. fewer jobs in the U.S., as they are replaced by machines and outsourced jobs
E. more incentives for illegal immigration
Q:
The Occupy movement, which began on Wall Street in New York and spread to other U.S. and Canadian cities, recognizes the disparity between the rich and the poor. Which of the following statements about U.S. wealth as of the year 2012 is NOT correct?
A. The top 1% of American households hold over one-third the nation's wealth.
B. The net worth of the top 1% is 288 times greater than the typical household's net worth.
C. The net worth of the top 1% compared to the typical household is the highest ratio on record.
D. The bottom 90% of income-earning households control half of all net worth.
E. 74% of U.S. wealth growth in recent years has gone to the top 5%.
Q:
The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.
Q:
According to Wallerstein, the nations in the world system can be classified into three types: core, periphery, and frontier.
Q:
Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.
Q:
What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire?
A. carte blanche
B. savoir-faire
C. coup d'tat
D. mission civilisatrice
E. nom de plume
Q:
How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu?
A. individual self-identification
B. the number of cattle owned
C. previous census data
D. phenotype, or how the individual physically looked
E. unique tribal body modifications such as scar tattoos