Q&A Hero

Q: What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire? A. carte blanche B. savoir-faire C. coup d'tat D. mission civilisatrice E. nom de plume

Q: How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu? A. individual self-identification B. the number of cattle owned C. previous census data D. phenotype, or how the individual physically looked E. unique tribal body modifications such as scar tattoos

Q: In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained prominence since the 1970s. Postcolonial refers to A. the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized. B. the period succeeding the slave trade. C. a moral stance toward oppressed peoples. D. the study of social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit. E. an up-and-coming subfield in sociology.

Q: All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it A. seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses. B. characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions. C. has been spreading globally. D. refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism. E. is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated.

Q: Neoliberalism is a new form of the old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776). To Smith, economic liberalism encouraged free enterprise and competition, with the goal of generating profits. However, this meaning of liberal A. is a Protestant ideology. B. varies depending on whether it refers to politics in a Western or non-Western context. C. has no implications for the relationship between economics and the state. D. is a more accurate use of the term than the one Americans typically hear in current talk radio. E. is different from the one typically used in current U.S. politics, in which liberal is the opposite of conservative.

Q: The labels First World, Second World, and Third World represent a common, if ethnocentric, way of categorizing nations. First World refers to the democratic West, which is traditionally conceived of as being in opposition to a Second World ruled by A. folk economic and political models. B. primitive neoliberalism. C. Communism. D. dictators. E. imperialism.

Q: Communism has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small-c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large-C Communism A. is just another version of neoliberalism but in disguise. B. is an imperial doctrine to appropriate private capital for the sake of the survival of the state. C. is Lenin's political theory of small-c communism. D. refers to the social aspects of small-c communism. E. was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991.

Q: In postsocialist Russia's initial changeover to capitalism, all of the following declined EXCEPT A. the birth rate. B. the poverty rate. C. life expectancy. D. the gross domestic product. E. farm and industry subsidies.

Q: ________ is the term for the physical destruction of ethnic groups by murder, warfare, and introduced diseases. A. Sociocide B. Ethnocide C. Biocide D. Genocide E. Patricide

Q: What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time? A. apartheid B. colonialism C. alienation D. petty capitalism E. industrialization

Q: Which of the following statements about British colonialism is NOT true? A. It lacked an intervention philosophy. B. It can be divided into two stages. C. It was legitimized by the racist notion of the "white man's burden." D. It began to disintegrate after World War II. E. It was partly driven by business interests.

Q: Periphery nations A. export to the core but not to the semiperiphery. B. lack industrialization. C. are isolated from the world economy. D. have economies that disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core. E. have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of core nations? A. They export their raw materials to other countries. B. They consist of the strongest and most powerful states. C. They have advanced systems of production. D. They have complex economies. E. They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.

Q: Which of the following did NOT result from Christopher Columbus's voyages? A. The rate of violence among Native Americans markedly increased. B. Europeans extracted silver and gold from the land. C. Europeans enslaved Native Americans. D. Europeans offered statehood to Peru, Mexico, and Cuba. E. Europeans colonized New World lands.

Q: What does the term Columbian exchange refer to? A. the exchange of culture that occurred among Native Americans and Europeans that eventually led to the first great civilizations in the Americas and, in Europe, the first classless societies B. the general reciprocity that characterized the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans during the first 15 years after initial contact C. the spread of people, resources, products, ideas, and diseases between the eastern and western hemispheres after contact D. the spread of European notions and technologies of warfare to Native Americans, who never engaged in massive violent campaigns prior to the 1500s E. the peaceful exchange among Europeans and Native Americans of native edible plant species

Q: The growth of a market for sugar in Europe spurred A. a tremendous expansion in the strength of independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America. B. the development of a transatlantic slave trade. C. the movement of sugar-producing nations from the periphery to the core of the world system. D. the movement of capitalism, once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated), to the rest of the world. E. a long-term improvement in the distribution of wealth among the rural peasantry of England.

Q: According to Marx, who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A. the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past B. groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation C. distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy D. exogamous social groups E. moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism

Q: According to Karl Marx, classes are A. complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the society. B. part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans. C. powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history. D. based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences. E. not important to his vision of social change in Western society.

Q: What changes did workers instigate in response to industrialization in England? A. Workers launched a proletarian revolution. B. Workers barred women and children from working in factories. C. Workers won the right to control production. D. Workers organized to protected their interest. E. Workers demanded the 8-hour work day and the Sabbath off.

Q: Which of the following statements about Karl Marx is NOT true? A. He analyzed 19th-century industrial production capitalism. B. He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests. C. He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie. D. He called the people who sold their own labor the proletariat. E. He emphasized class consciousness.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about the modern world system? A. The distinction between bourgeoisie and proletariat has disappeared. B. The contrast between capitalists and propertyless workers is a worldwide phenomenon. C. Stratification systems are not simple and dichotomous. D. There is a growing middle class of skilled and professional workers. E. Intermediate occupations create opportunities for social mobility.

Q: According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A. the means of production, mode of production, and measure of production B. status, exchange, and religion C. gender, ethnicity, and race D. wealth, power, and prestige E. age, gender, and ethnicity

Q: How do the media affect Americans and Brazilians differently? How do the media play a role in the discrepancy between the amount of Olympic medals won by the United States and Brazil?

Q: This chapter describes how sports and the media reflect culture, and offers among its illustrations a cross-cultural comparison that explores why some countries but not others enjoy international success in sports. Describe the two contrasting cases. Are any of the conclusions surprising? Why or why not?

Q: How does the modern world system affect ethnographers? A. There are almost no truly isolated cultures left, making it difficult to do real ethnographic research. B. They need to be aware of the fact that any culture they study is influenced by and has influence on other cultures. C. They must be careful when comparing their findings to those who did work in the first half of the 20th century, when there were many isolated cultures. D. There are no more indigenous peoples. E. It has brought about a blending of the races, which makes it harder to identify specific cultures.

Q: What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit? A. the modern world system B. industrialization C. an open class system D. socioeconomic stratification E. capital

Q: According to Wallerstein (1982, 2004), what are the three structural positions of the modern world system? A. core, periphery, and semiperiphery B. metropole, satellite, and semisatellite C. state, nation-state, and nation D. wealth, power, and prestige E. preliterate, nonliterate, and literate

Q: Cultural values, social forces, and the media influence international sports success.

Q: Discuss why it is so difficult to come up with a universally applicable definition for art.

Q: What is the relationship between art and religion? Is all art religious? Are all religious objects art? Could an object that starts off as religious acquire the qualities of art, and vice versa?

Q: Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?

Q: To what extent can art be isolated from the person who created it? Be sure to include cross-cultural examples to support your answer.

Q: What factors influence the production and appreciation of art? Do artists work in a cultural vacuum of pure personal self-expression? What role does society play?

Q: What role do the arts play as collective expressions of cultural identities? Is art conservative or liberal? Does art promote change or inhibit it?

Q: This chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" unit shows that techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular American fantasy films, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars. In 2009, U.S. American movie director James Cameron, a fan of The Wizard of Oz, released the long-awaited Avatar. If you have seen the movie, compare its structure and symbolic elements in a way similar to that of how The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars have been analyzed in the text. If you have not seen Avatar, explain the connection between The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars.

Q: Consider the impact the media have on your daily life. From what sources do you have access to popular culture? Which are your favorites, and why?

Q: The reason students of non-Western art have generally ignored individual artists in the societies they have studied is that there aren't any. In non-Western communities, there is no concept of individual artists.

Q: Winning in team sports is more highly prized as a cultural value in Brazil than in the United States.

Q: "Readers" of a text make their own interpretations and derive their own feelings from it. "Readers" of media messages constantly produce their own meanings.

Q: Brazilians' inherent sociability helps account for the explosive growth of online social network use in their country.

Q: The media offer a rich web of external connectionsthrough cable, satellite, the Internet, television, movies, radio, telephones, print, and other sourcesthat can provide contact, information, entertainment, and potential social validation.

Q: The study of television's impact on people's behavior, attitudes, and values is the domain of sociologists, not anthropologists.

Q: Anthropologist W. Arens (1981) argued that the reason football is such a peculiarly U.S. pastime is that Americans enjoy particularly violent sports.

Q: The Native Australian wooden wind instrument that is a popular "tribal" instrument known for its unique tonality is called a nadaswaram.

Q: Because appreciation of the arts is acquired through enculturation, what one finds aesthetically pleasing depends in part on one's cultural background.

Q: President Eisenhower etched a lasting image of tennis as a Republican sport, despite the fact that Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama also play the game.

Q: Nonstate societies generally lack permanent, specialized venues for art and religion.

Q: In the United States, there is a sharp distinction between what is considered art and what is not.

Q: In modern states, there tends to be much more uniformity in the culture's artistic standards compared to in less stratified societies.

Q: Among the Kalabari, wood sculptures represent the highest form of purely artistic representation of loved ones.

Q: There is more collective production and performance of art in non-Western societies than in Western, industrialized states.

Q: During his work among the Tiv, Bohannan found that critics played a key role in the creative process for the production of works of art.

Q: In non-Western societies, artists tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.

Q: In states, all artwork can be clearly attributed to a specific artist.

Q: In Western societies, the standards for artistic completeness and mastery are maintained in large part by critics, specialists, and experts.

Q: Music is one of the most social kinds of artistic expression.

Q: The oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje babe flute," dates back to more than 43,000 years ago.

Q: Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups, thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.

Q: Catharsis is an intense emotional release.

Q: Which of the following groups is more accepting of mass media in Brazil? A. elites B. intellectuals C. women D. clergy E. older men

Q: Which of the following is NOT discussed in this chapter as a way of defining art? A. Art is something that attracts your attention, catches your eye, and directs your thoughts. B. Art is the quality, production, expression, or realm of what is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance. C. Art is the class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria. D. Art is the creative expression of culture through the visual arts, literature, music, theater arts, and other methods. E. Art is in a cultural sphere separate from politics and religion.

Q: Any media-borne image or message can be analyzed in terms of its nature, including its symbolism and its effects. It can also be analyzed as a text, which refers to A. literary works and other print media. B. anything produced by mass media having commercial value. C. anything that can be read or processed, interpreted, and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it. D. anything that can be read but whose interpretation is determined by the producer of the text. E. our capacity to codify information.

Q: In a study assessing the effects of television on behavior, attitudes, and values, Kottak and a team of researchers found that A. television exposure has a greater impact on behavior, attitudes, and values in the United States than in Brazil. B. the claim that television exposure affects people's behavior, attitudes, and values is overstated. C. television exposure inevitably leads to a decrease in social interaction, regardless of the culture. D. Brazilians watch telenovelas because they see in these programs the traditions of their culture vividly represented and valued. E. people's ideas about proper family size are influenced as they see, day after day, nuclear families smaller than the traditional ones in their town.

Q: Anthropologists have an interest in sports because, as the media's illustrations of U.S. football suggest, A. sports can symbolize certain key aspects of the culture in which they are highly popular. B. sports are a rare aspect of culture that is influenced by culture but not vice versa. C. sports allow for easy cross-cultural comparison, because in the international arena the way sports are practiced is the same. D. they give insight into unfamiliar cultural dynamics that have nothing to do with the general culture. E. they exemplify how the media determine single-handedly which sports are popular and which are not.

Q: Susan Montague and Robert Morais (1981) argue that Americans appreciate football because it presents a miniaturized and simplified version of modern organizations. These researchers A. suggest that football, with its territorial incursion and violence, is popular because Americans are violent people. B. link football's values, particularly teamwork, to those associated with business. C. argue that football allows spectators to vicariously realize their own hostile and aggressive tendencies. D. suggest that football is a peculiarly American pastime because of our wartime history. E. argue that football should be regulated the same way we regulate corporations.

Q: All art is objectively beautiful.

Q: Expressive culture refers to the components of a culture that are expressed publicly, as opposed to the private aspects of culture that are hidden from anthropologists.

Q: Art and religion are similar, because both refer to aspects of culture that are of more than ordinary significance.

Q: Appreciating art involves an aesthetic appreciation of form as well as feeling.

Q: Traditionally, art and religion occupy mutually exclusive realms in society.

Q: The techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular films in American culture, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars. Which of the following would NOT be a part of such an analysis revealing the similarities between the two films? A. Star Wars is a systematic structural transformation of The Wizard of Oz. B. In both movies, fairy-tale heroes are often accompanied on their adventures by secondary characters who personify the virtues needed for a successful quest. C. Both films focus on the child's relationship with the parent of the same sex, dividing that parent into three parts. D. Both heroes use magic to accomplish their goals. E. Confirming Lvi-Strauss's analysis of myths around the world, these movies have many secondary cultural references that only cultured audiences are able to perceive and appreciate.

Q: Appreciation for the arts must be learned, this being part of the process of A. aesthetic tuning. B. biological adaptation. C. imitation. D. cultural evolution. E. enculturation.

Q: In nonindustrial societies, artists A. tend to be full-time specialists. B. tend to be part-time. C. do not exist. D. are relegated to the hidden transcript of the social contract. E. tend to display their work exclusively in galleries.

Q: All of the following are examples of a Western ethnocentric view of art in the non-Western world EXCEPT that A. all non-Western art is produced for religious purposes. B. all non-Western art is anonymously produced by the culture. C. non-Westerners cannot appreciate Western art, because they are not cultured enough. D. non-Western artists simply follow tradition; they do not exercise their creativity or break from the norm. E. non-Western sculpture is not always art.

Q: As we enter the 21st century, artistic expression A. within industrialized states is increasingly becoming more isolated and independent. B. finds itself intentionally avoiding the use of multiple expressive media in favor of employing only one medium. C. can be seen to be increasingly incorporating elements from many cultures into contemporary art and performance. D. is disappearing from our cultural repertoire. E. has lost most of its effectiveness.

Q: Because music is a cultural universal and musical abilities seem to run in families, A. everybody, regardless of culture, loves to dance. B. it is possible to use musical abilities as a biological marker for human races. C. it has been suggested that music is a concept of a social fiction. D. anthropologists should investigate the connection between music and formerly misunderstood kinship arrangements. E. it has been suggested that the predisposition for music may have a genetic basis.

Q: Found in a cave in Slovenia, the oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje babe flute," dates back more than A. 130,000 years. B. 5,000 years. C. 5 million years, to roughly the time of the emergence of bipedalism. D. 43,000 years. E. 10,000 years, the same time as the emergence of agriculture.

Q: Folk art, music, and lore refer to the A. unrefined manifestations of human creativity produced by illiterate societies. B. expressive cultures of ordinary people. C. forms of artistic expression found in the New World prior to the arrival of Columbus. D. forms of artistic expression that exist independently of any given cultural system. E. manifestations of human creativity that siblings exchange with their progenitors.

Q: For the women of Planinica, a Muslim village in prewar Bosnia, singing signaled A. a series of transitions between life stages. B. the arrival of spring. C. that the artisans of the neighboring village were in town to sell their goods. D. different things to different women. E. the arrival of soldiers who had finished their military service.

Q: Actors, musicians, and dancers A. are not artists, since they perform but do not create art. B. function as parasitic consumers of the creative works of artists. C. distort and dilute the artistic mastery of other artists. D. function as intermediaries who translate the works and ideas of other artists. E. are marginal members of artistic communities around the world.