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Anthropology
Q:
The great human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to
a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.
Q:
The theory that face size in human beings decreased due to the consumption of softer foods is known as
a. the masticatory-functional hypothesis.
b. the Patchy Foods hypothesis.
c. Darwin's Hunting hypothesis.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Based on the archaeological record from various areas, what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?
a. Height decreased.
b. Height increased.
c. Height became more variable within the population.
d. Height stayed the same.
Q:
Hookworm infestation of the human intestine can lead to a form ofa. cancer. b. anemia. c. heart disease.d. measles.
Q:
Cavities in the teeth are caused by a process calleda. hypoplasia. b. enamel defects. c. dentin foramina.d. dental caries.
Q:
Swollen and bowed shin bones (tibiae) and cranial cavitations are often caused by diseases calleda. treponematoses. b. smallpox. c. bubonic plague.d. malaria.
Q:
Abnormal expansion of a bone's diameter as a result of infection isa. osteoarthritis. b. megaosteopathy. c. periosteal reaction.d. big-bone syndrome.
Q:
Which of the following is not associated with the initial transition from foraging to agriculture?
a. reduced height
b. increased dental hypoplasia
c. lower incidence of dental caries (cavities)
d. higher incidence of infection
Q:
Osteoarthritis is a skeletal disorder most easily seen ona. joint surfaces. b. bone shafts. c. the skull.d. the ribs.
Q:
According to anthropologist Jeffrey McKee, Earth's biodiversity is decreasing due toa. natural selection. b. genetic drift. c. mutation.d. increasing human population numbers.
Q:
The idea that cranial shape can change within a human population as a result of dietary change is referred to as thea. masticatory-functional hypothesis. b. hard-object feeding hypothesis. c. masseter-temporalis hypothesis.d. morpho-cranial hypothesis.
Q:
Archaeological evidence showing a shift from long and narrow skulls to short and wide skulls, as a result of a change in diet linked to domestication, has been found ina. China. b. Mexico. c. France.d. Nubia.
Q:
Cereal grains such as rice that make up a significant portion of human diet today are known asa. good-for-you foods. b. high-energy foods. c. superfoods.d. genetically modified foods.
Q:
More than 20% of all calories consumed by people today come froma. millet. b. rice. c. sorghum.d. corn.
Q:
The first animal to be domesticated during the Neolithic was thea. dog. b. cat. c. cow.d. goat.
Q:
Regarding the Neolithic epoch, which of the following is true?
a. It is believed to have occurred first in Europe.
b. It is characterized by small, settled villages where the domestication of plants and/or animals took place.
c. It occurred in one place initially, then spread everywhere else.
d. It first occurred approximately 25,000 yBP.
Q:
Domestication refers to
a. bringing a wild plant or animal into your home.
b. change over time.
c. random gene transfer between populations.
d. the process of converting wild animals or plants into forms that humans can use.
Q:
The region that contains archaeological sites documenting the development of early farming villages in the Middle East is calleda. the Arable Terrace. b. the Indus Valley. c. the Fertile Crescent.d. the French Connection.
Q:
All of the following regions provide archaeological evidence for local plant domestication excepta. eastern North America. b. southwestern Asia. c. China.d. Australia.
Q:
Greater reduction in jaw size relative to tooth size during the Holocene has led to greater incidence ofa. dental crowding. b. cavities. c. root canal procedures.d. gum disease.
Q:
In the late 1960s, who proposed that South African food-foraging people actually had more leisure time than early farmers?a. Louis Leakey b. Tim White c. Dart and Broomd. Lee and DeVore
Q:
Which of the following is true of human biological evolution?
a. With modern Homo sapiens" appearance in the late Pleistocene, human biological evolution basically stopped.
b. It has been a linear process taking only 2 million years.
c. Humans are still evolving today.
d. Human evolution can be stopped at any time using cultural means.
Q:
Modern humans have existed for over 100,000 years, but only over the last ________ years has Earth's population grown three orders of magnitude, from a few million people to over six billion today.a. 20,000 b. 1 million c. 10,000d. 2 million
Q:
Evidence from China indicates that rice and grapes were fermented for wine as early as ________ .a. 8,000 yBP b. 1.0 mya c. 6,000 yBPd. 10,000 yBP
Q:
The first domesticated animal was the ________ .a. cow b. sheep c. goatd. dog
Q:
Rice was first domesticated in ________ , about 8,000 yBP.a. Africa b. New Guinea c. Chinad. Japan
Q:
Which of the following is the wild ancestor of modern domesticated maize?a. corn b. wheat c. teosinted. rye
Q:
Until about ________ , humans acquired virtually all their food through foraging.a. 1.0 mya b. 10,000 yBP c. 100,000 yBPd. 200,000 yBP
Q:
Improper alignment of the upper and lower dentition is called ________ .a. hyperplasia b. cribra orbitalia c. malocclusiond. Harris line
Q:
What "symbolic" behavior is evident in the archeological record and associated with anatomically modern humans in Europe beginning around 35,000 yBP (Upper Paleolithic)?
Q:
Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are two widely recognized hominid species. In contrast, the hominids that are younger than most Homo erectus fossils but older than the majority of Homo sapiens fossils have been loosely categorized as "archaic" Homo sapiens. Why have these fossils not been given a distinct species name, and why do they remain so difficult to classify formally?
Q:
To test hypotheses regarding modern human origins, it is important to clearly define what we mean by "modern human." What anatomical features are typically used to contrast modern humans' physical appearance with that of similar hominids?
Q:
The two traditional models of modern human origins are out-of-Africa and multiregional continuity. Briefly describe the main tenets of these, and then discuss how the more recent assimilation model differs from each.
Q:
Using evidence from well-known sites such as Shanidar, Iraq, and Krapina, Croatia, describe the life of a Neandertal group living in Europe during the last "Ice Age."
Q:
After conducting genetic analysis of a newly found fossil of an early modern Homo sapiens, you find that several nucleotide sequences are the same as those documented in Neandertals. You know that this
a. suggests that the only possible explanation for the origins of modern humans is the out-of-Africa theory.
b. can be used as evidence to support both the out-of-Africa model and assimilation models for modern human origins.
c. is evidence that supports assimilation and multiregional evolution models for modern human evolution.
d. provides evidence that none of the working models of modern human origins are appropriate based on the gene flow documented in these results.
Q:
The great genetic diversity documented in individuals from sub-Saharan Africa is thought to have resulted from
a. the accumulation of genetic mutations over the last 10 years.
b. the small breeding population maintaining genetic diversity.
c. the accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
d. random chance.
Q:
Allen's and Bergmann's rules predict anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These results are evident in
a. the limb and trunk proportions of Neandertals.
b. the limb and trunk proportions of modern human populations.
c. the limb and trunk proportions of most mammals.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Analysis of stress markers in dentition indicate that Neandertals
a. were highly stressed.
b. exhibited hypoplasia at a rate no different from modern humans.
c. dealt successfully with their environments.
d. b and c only.
Q:
A hominid fossil with a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely
a. to be classified as having modern characteristics.
b. to be classified as having vestigial characteristics.
c. to be classified as having archaic characteristics.
d. to be classified as having apelike characteristics.
Q:
The Paleoindian skull from Kennewick, in Washington State,
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.
b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans' skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.
Q:
The distinctive fluted spear points used by early Native Americans (Paleoindians) to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals area. Mousterian points. b. Solutrean blades. c. Levallois flakes.d. Folsom points.
Q:
Shovel-shaped incisors are one of the most distinctive features of people froma. East Asia and the Americas. b. South Africa. c. Australia.d. India.
Q:
The Australian site where surprisingly robust 9,000"13,000-year-old human skulls were found isa. Kow Swamp. b. Lake Mungo. c. Melbourne.d. Tasmania.
Q:
According to John Relethford, the most likely reason for modern-looking people to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene wasa. disease. b. loss of food supply. c. climate change.d. rapid population growth.
Q:
The hominid skeleton (LB1) recovered from the Indonesian island of Floresa. has a very small brain, less than 400 cc. b. lived there about 18,000 yBP. c. stood about three feet tall in life.d. all of the above.
Q:
Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximatelya. 50,000 yBP. b. 25,000 yBP. c. 15,000 yBP.d. 5,000 yBP.
Q:
Which modern human population exhibits the greatest genetic diversity today?a. Native Americans b. sub-Saharan Africans c. Aboriginal Australiansd. East Asians
Q:
The significance of the child's skeleton from Lagar Velho, Portugal, is that it
a. is over 100,000 years old.
b. shows Neandertal and modern human features.
c. clearly represents an intentional burial.
d. is associated with a variety of animal bones.
Q:
The earliest well-dated remains of a modern-looking human in East Asia comes in the form of a 41,000-year-old partial skeleton froma. Tianyuan Cave, China. b. Zhoukoudian, China. c. Ngandong, Java.d. Liang Bua, Flores.
Q:
Which model of modern human origins would predict the likely discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils?
a. out-of-Africa
b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models would predict such a discovery.
Q:
Scientists are sure that Neandertals were efficient hunters because
a. Neandertal skeletons demonstrate a chemical signature associated with high protein consumption.
b. Neandertal bones are quite robust.
c. Neandertals used stone tools to butcher animals.
d. none of the above.
Q:
All of the following sites contain hominid fossils displaying stone tool cutmarks excepta. Gran Dolina, Spain. b. Krapina, Croatia. c. Herto, Ethiopia.d. Klasies River Mouth, South Africa.
Q:
Partial skulls of two adults and of one child, dating to around 160,000 yBP and exhibiting mostly modern human features, come froma. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. b. Herto, Ethiopia. c. Border Cave, South Africa.d. Skhul, Israel.
Q:
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae b. the mandible c. the ribsd. the hyoid
Q:
Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools, usually associated with Neandertals, are called thea. Mousterian. b. Gravettian. c. Solutrean.d. Acheulean.
Q:
Burial of the dead with elaborate grave goods is attributed toa. Homo neanderthalensis. b. Homo sapiens. c. Homo erectus.d. both a and b.
Q:
Which type of stone tool traditionally marks the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic?a. cleaver b. chopper c. flaked. blade
Q:
The archeological period in Europe starting about 35,000 yBP, marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art, is called thea. later Stone Age. b. Upper Paleolithic period. c. Neolithic period.d. Eurocentric period.
Q:
The middle Pleistocene archaic Homo sapiens is credited with inventing
a. prepared core "points" that may have been hafted to spear shafts.
b. the Acheulean tradition.
c. cave art.
d. the alphabet.
Q:
All of the following traits suggest cold adaptation for Neandertals excepta. a narrow nasal aperture. b. short limbs. c. a wide torso.d. a projecting midface.
Q:
Heavy wear on Neandertals' incisor teeth has led some scientists to conclude that Neandertals used their front teeth
a. as a kind of third hand for gripping materials.
b. for hunting and killing small animals.
c. for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. for gouging trees to extract sap.
Q:
Anatomically modern humans were found in all of the following sites excepta. Shanidar, Iraq. b. Cro-Magnon, France. c. Skhul, Israel.d. Omo, Ethiopia.
Q:
According to the out-of-Africa model, the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens
a. occurred in several areas simultaneously.
b. occurred only once, in Africa.
c. began in Asia.
d. took place about 500,000 years ago.
Q:
The first European Upper Paleolithic site where anatomically modern human fossils were discovered wasa. Atapuerca, Spain. b. Mauer, Germany. c. Petralona, Greece.d. Cro-Magnon, France.
Q:
Anatomically modern humans are characterized by all of the following except
a. a lightly built (gracile) postcranial skeleton.
b. tiny or nonexistent browridges.
c. average cranial capacity of 750 cc.
d. a "globular" brain case.
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning Homo sapiens is false?
a. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils are close to 200,000 years old.
b. The earliest Homo sapiens fossils are associated with cave art and other symbolic archeological remains.
c. Molecular studies demonstrate that Homo sapiens are all fairly similar genetically.
d. This is the only hominid species with a well-defined chin.
Q:
Analyses of modern human genetic variation suggest that Homo sapiens evolved approximatelya. 50,000 yBP. b. 200,000 yBP. c. 750,000 yBP.d. 1 million yBP.
Q:
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Neandertals buried their dead.
b. Neandertals were hunters and gatherers.
c. Neandertals were cold-adapted people.
d. Neandertal brains were notably smaller than those of modern humans.
Q:
The majority of Neandertal fossils have been found ina. India. b. Europe. c. northern Africa.d. southeast Asia.
Q:
The Neandertals are last recorded in the fossil record abouta. 250,000 yBP. b. 100,000 yBP. c. 75,000 yBP.d. 30,000 yBP.
Q:
Fossil remains of archaic Homo sapiens
a. occur only in Europe and Asia.
b. show a mixture of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens traits.
c. are dated to the late Pliocene.
d. are often found with Oldowan stone tools.
Q:
Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are Old World sites that contain the remains ofa. Homo erectus. b. modern Homo sapiens. c. archaic Homo sapiens.d. Neandertals.
Q:
The first nonmodern human fossil to be discovered and recognized as such was thea. Taung Baby from South Africa. b. Homo erectus skull from Java. c. Neandertal skull from Germany.d. Cro-Magnon skull from France.
Q:
Some archaic Homo sapiens specimens resemble Homo erectus in having
a. employed finely made blade technology.
b. a well-defined chin.
c. cranial capacity in excess of 1,400 cc.
d. a long, low cranial shape.
Q:
What evidence has led scientists to conclude that Neandertals differ more from modern humans than any one modern group differs from any other?a. skeletal b. mtDNA c. nuclear DNAd. dental
Q:
From where was the archaic cranium, the Narmada skull, recovered?a. Africa b. North America c. the Indian subcontinentd. Asia
Q:
Stress markers in the teeth that reflect growth disruption due to poor diets or to poor health are called ________ .a. Harris lines b. porotic hyperostosis c. hypoplasiad. cribraorbitalia
Q:
Anthropologist Chris Ruff's research has shown that adaptation to heat and to cold is strongly related to which of the following?a. overall height b. body width c. leg lengthd. arm length
Q:
In the early twentieth century, Marcellin Boule's reconstruction of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal skeleton led many scientists to believe
a. that these hominids were almost indistinguishable from modern people.
b. that these hominids were evolutionary dead ends.
c. that these hominids had similar brain sizes to modern people.
d. that these hominids were our ancestors.
Q:
Some Neandertal skulls have cranial capacities that are ________ those of the average modern human.a. smaller than b. larger than c. equal tod. none of the above