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Anthropology
Q:
Scientists prefer the term climate change to global warming. The former term points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.
Q:
Radiative forcings work to warm and cool the earth. If these didnt exist, there would be no global warming.
Q:
Ethnoecology is any societys set of environmental practices and perceptionsthat is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
Q:
Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
Q:
When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money.
Q:
The spread of environmentalism may expose radically different notions about the rights and values of plants and animals versus humans. Fortunately, it is clear to everyone that certain animal rights trump other rights.
Q:
Worldwide, concern about environmental and technological risks is more developed in groups that are less endangered by those risks.
Q:
Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles for todays environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation.
Q:
One of the challenges that environmental anthropologists face is that risk perception is rarely related to actions that can reduce threat to the environment.
Q:
Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.
Q:
As a vehicle of change, religious proselytizing is a culturally neutral factor.
Q:
Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it.
Q:
Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork.
Q:
Cultural meaning is
A. imposed by a text.
B. locally created.
C. inherent in a text.
D. produced by a text, not from it.
E. determined only by the author.
Q:
Illustrating how forces from world centers can and are creatively modified to fit the local culture, how did the Native Australians interpret the movie Rambo?
A. They saw Rambo as an imperialist agent.
B. They saw Rambo as a Communist spy.
C. They assigned Rambo to the kangaroo clan.
D. They created tribal ties and kin links between Rambo and the prisoners he was rescuing.
E. They creatively opposed the film as a form of resistance to the world system.
Q:
This chapter describes Americans belief that U.S. television programs inevitably triumph over local products around the world asA. ethnocentric.B. culturally relative.C. indigenized.D. imagined.E. politically correct.
Q:
To Arjun Appadurai (1990), ________ describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.
A. postmodern
B. ethnocentric
C. translocal
D. essentialized
E. diasporic
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of postmodernism?
A. It originally described a style and movement in architecture.
B. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.
C. It has a clear and functional design or structure.
D. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.
E. It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms.
Q:
________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canonsrules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.
A. Chaos
B. Entropy
C. Postmodern
D. Agoraphobia
E. Diaspora
Q:
Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?
A. indio
B. indigenous people
C. mestizo
D. autochthon
E. freedom fighter
Q:
In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas?
A. indgena (indigenous person)
B. civilian
C. citizen
D. cultural patrimony
E. autochthon
Q:
The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
A. political reforms involving a restructuring of the state.
B. their cultural distinctiveness.
C. their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities.
D. territorial rights and access to natural resources, including control over economic development.
E. reforms of military and police powers over indigenous peoples.
Q:
Unlike indigenous peoples, what term, which highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide, has been claimed by majority groups in Europe?
A. indigenous people
B. autochthon
C. mestizo
D. euroindio
E. freedom fighter
Q:
________ describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
A. Essentialism
B. Marketing
C. Autochthony
D. Patrimony
E. Fluidity
Q:
Identities are
A. fixed by both genotype and phenotype.
B. never dependent on context.
C. not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.
D. fictions.
E. creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the globalization of risk is correct?
A. Rebroadcasting risk in the media magnifies risk perception.
B. Concern about risk is less developed in groups that are less endangered by those risks.
C. Brazil has fewer unregulated ecological hazards than the U.S. does.
D. Across Brazil, Brazilians are universally aware of environmental risks.
E. Risks tend to be only local or regional, and not global concerns.
Q:
________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures.
A. Diasporation
B. Symbolic domination
C. Cultural imperialism
D. Conquest
E. Colonialism
Q:
Cases where local communities use modern technology to preserve and revise their traditions
A. are examples of hidden ethnocide.
B. are becoming more common.
C. contradict Gramscis theory of hegemony.
D. are becoming increasingly rare, due to the cost of this technology.
E. suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.
Q:
Because of global climate change, arctic landscapes and ecosystems are changing rapidly and perceptibly, as the residents of Newtok, Alaska, can attest. With the land upon which they have built their homes slowly melting and sinking, they have appealed to the state and federal governments for assistance in helping them cover the costs of moving their town to a different location. Ironically,
A. the land upon which the Alaskan state government buildings are located is also melting.
B. the residents of Newtok have discovered oil on their land, making their appeal for funds less convincing.
C. a senator from Alaska has a vacation home in Newtok, Alaska, and so is personally committed to the predicament of the town.
D. decades ago, the U.S. government mandated that they and other Alaskan natives abandon a nomadic life based on hunting and fishing for sedentism.
E. the economic activity of the town of Newtok is extremely polluting and thus a big contributor to the environmental changes that have turned its residents into the first climate change refugees in the United States.
Q:
Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?
A. the growing population of the poorer nations in the world
B. proper climatic changes
C. having scientists decide on a definition of climate change
D. meeting energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India
E. a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change
Q:
Todays ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand but also to
A. find solutions to environmental problems, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.
B. prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems.
C. work closely with state agencies, among whom they do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change.
D. contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
E. promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights.
Q:
Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change?
A. exodus
B. imperialism
C. acculturation
D. enculturation
E. migration
Q:
Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests also is a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT
A. demographic pressure, from births or immigration, on subsistence economies.
B. commercial logging and road building.
C. cash cropping.
D. the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.
E. fuel needs associated with urban expansion.
Q:
________ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Hegemony
C. Enculturation
D. Diffusion
E. Colonialism
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the possible consequences experienced after the shock phase of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders?
A. increased mortality
B. a broad-spectrum revolution
C. fragmentation of kin groups
D. damaged social support systems
E. disrupted subsistence
Q:
The Handsome Lake religion
A. led the Iroquois Indians to reject European farming techniques and therefore avoid ethnocide.
B. was compatible with the Iroquois stress on female over male labor.
C. led the Iroquois to adopt communal longhouses.
D. was a revitalization movement that helped the Iroquois survive in a drastically modified environment.
E. involved the adoption of matrilineal descent groups that protected the Iroquois from cultural extinction.
Q:
Although locals may create a new religion, on a global scale religious change is more commonly the result of
A. a local communitys rejection of their traditional beliefs.
B. the increased popularity of telenovelas.
C. the diffusion of attractive intervention philosophies.
D. missionaries and proselytizers representing the major world religions.
E. multinational corporations that collaborate with local religions to establish markets.
Q:
In 1989, a military government seized power in the Sudan. This resulted in which of the following?
A. The Sudan now has no more tribal religions, because everyone has converted to either Christianity or Islam.
B. The Sudan is now the largest country in Papua New Guinea.
C. The Sudanese government adopted a policy of cultural imperialism.
D. The Sudan has little ethnic or religious diversity.
E. The Sudanese government has institutionalized cargo cults.
Q:
Hundreds of ethnic groups and so-called tribes are colonial constructs. What does this meandoes it suggest that they are only imaginary and therefore of no consequence? Provide illustrations with your answers.
Q:
Ethnographic research in postsocialist societies is thriving. What are some of the common problems typical of these societies? Why would an ethnographic approach be advantageous to addressing these problems?
Q:
Who are the groups known as indigenous peoples? What is their situation in the world system today?
Q:
Because our planets climate is always changing, the key question becomes, how much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly
A. evolutionary.
B. ecological.
C. anthropogenic.
D. moral.
E. indigenized.
Q:
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earths surface warm. Without greenhouse gaseswater vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozonelife as we know it wouldnt exist. The current problem is that
A. there are more cooling than warming radiative forcings.
B. the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years, and this rise has upset the balance of radiative forcings working to warm and cool the earth.
C. scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and a life-threatening force.
D. global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change.
E. it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.
Q:
Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known as cultural ecology or ecological anthropology. This field
A. focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment.
B. studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.
C. is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change.
D. has limited present value, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems.
E. studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as texts.
Q:
When indigenous peoples are incorporated into modern nation-states, they usually become part of the impoverished classes.
Q:
What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
Q:
What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate, and what are its features? What are core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?
Q:
What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did it differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to an anthropologist?
Q:
How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.
Q:
How is the world stratification system related to the structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?
Q:
Based on the way the text defines imperialism and colonialism, do you think that they describe phenomena of the past? These terms have been used recently to describe current international affairs. Find an example of this, and compare the use of the term to its definition in the text.
Q:
Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations.
Q:
The British notion white mans burden is similar to the French concept mission civilisatrice in that both were racist ideologies used to justify the colonial efforts of their respective countries.
Q:
French colonial strategies incorporated both direct and indirect rule.
Q:
Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.
Q:
Belgian colonial administrators were careful to use culturally significant differences to distinguish between the Hutus and Tutsis.
Q:
Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smiths classic economic liberalism, which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule.
Q:
The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences.
Q:
With the spread of industrialization, the existence of indigenous economies, ecologies, and populations has become threatened all over the world.
Q:
Ethnocide refers to the intentional destruction of an ethnic groups traditional customs, beliefs, and behaviors.
Q:
Life in nations in the periphery is characterized by high percentages of poverty and frequent food shortages brought on by a high level of stratification between a small number of large landowners and landless workers.
Q:
The United States originally started out as a peripheral nation, but by 1900 it had asserted itself as a member of the industrialized core.
Q:
Mass production has led to critical consumption as people are forced to make careful decisions regarding what is needed and what is excess.
Q:
The Occupy movement, which began on Wall Street and spread to other U.S. and Canadian cities, recognizes the disparity between the rich and the poor. Which of the following statements about U.S. wealth as of the year 2009 is NOT correct?
A. The top 1% of American households hold over one-third the nations wealth.
B. The net worth of the top 1% is 225 times greater than the typical households net worth.
C. The net worth of the top 1% compared to the typical household is the highest ratio on record.
D. The bottom 90% of income-earning households control half of all net worth.
E. The top 1% owns more than the bottom 90% combined.
Q:
The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.
Q:
According to Wallerstein, the nations in the world system can be classified into three types: core, periphery, and frontier.
Q:
Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.
Q:
One consequence of the ongoing globalization of work and migration is that skilled Western workers must now compete against well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India, where an experienced software programmer earns one-fifth the average salary of a comparable U.S. worker.
Q:
Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.
Q:
The Industrial Revolution did not begin in France, because the French domestic manufacturing system could produce satisfactorily without innovating.
Q:
The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example, a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later.
Q:
Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry.
Q:
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive.
Q:
Weber argued that without Catholic ethic and values, capitalism and industrialism would have never spread beyond England.
Q:
Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists.
Q:
Higher wages and improved benefits for workers in core nations are possible only because an added surplus from the periphery enables companies to maintain high profit margins.
Q:
Who are indigenous peoples?
A. people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states
B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite
C. descendants of tribespeople who live on as culturally distinct, colonized peoples, many of whom aspire to autonomy
D. any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system
E. people who have emigrated to a new country
Q:
As this chapters Appreciating Anthropology segment notes, around the world many contemporary nations are repeatingat an accelerated ratethe process of resource depletion that started in Europe and the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Fortunately, however,
A. this resource depletion is very localized, since extractive enterprises have been using new technologies that completely eliminate negative externalities.
B. the money made from this resource depletion always benefits the host communities and countries.
C. resource depletion now is more than 80 percent sustainable.
D. todays world has some environmental watchdogsmany of them anthropologistswho did not exist during the first centuries of the Industrial Revolution.
E. anthropologists are increasingly being consulted prior to the start of new resource extraction projects.
Q:
This chapters Focus on Globalization discusses outsourcing jobs to countries outside the United States. What is an outcome of this outsourcing?
A. decreased profits for U.S. corporations
B. an increase in union membership within the U.S.
C. corporations realizing the importance of workers rights
D. fewer jobs in the U.S., as they are replaced by machines and outsourced jobs
E. more incentives for illegal immigration
Q:
What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time?
A. apartheid
B. colonialism
C. alienation
D. petty capitalism
E. industrialization