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Anthropology
Q:
The Neandertal record begins in Eastern Europeat the site in Krapina, Croatiaat about what time?a. 1.0 mya b. 250,000 yBP c. 130,000 yBPd. 2.0 mya
Q:
The modern human site of Skhul 5 and the Neandertal sites of Amud and Kebara are located in the same region in Asia. Based on the age estimates of these sites, scientists suggest that
a. Neandertals predate modern humans in the region.
b. modern humans predate Neandertals in the region.
c. Neandertals and modern humans existed contemporaneously in the region.
d. Neandertals and modern humans are the same species.
Q:
Archaic Homo sapiens display several primitive features found ina. Homo erectus. b. Australopithecus robustus. c. Australopithecus boisei.d. none of the above.
Q:
The geographic range of Archaic Homo sapiens includeda. Africa only. b. Asia only. c. Africa and other parts of the Old World.d. the New World.
Q:
Describe Homo erectus's cranial and postcranial anatomical characteristics. How is this species significantly different from earlier hominids?
Q:
Discuss the fossil and archaeological evidence for the varying importance of scavenging and hunting among Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
Q:
Contrast the cranial and dental anatomy and adaptation of Australopithecus robustus as compared to African Homo erectus.
Q:
Homo erectus has been argued to be the first hominid to successfully migrate out of Africa. Characterize the biology and culture of Homo erectus that led to its success relative to earlier hominids.
Q:
Characterize the fossil evidence of Homo habilis, and describe the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of Homo habilis that pave the way for Homo sapiens" evolution.
Q:
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectus are likely related to
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of a cooler climate.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Hominid fossils indicate which of the following differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
a. Homo habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
b. Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
c. Homo habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than Homo erectus.
d. Homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than Homo habilis.
Q:
The controlled use of fire by hominids
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
Q:
Two contemporaneous species, such as Homo erectus and Australopithecus robustus, are likely to vary in dental, anatomical, and ecological characteristics because
a. two similar species cannot fill similar ecological roles (niches) at the same time.
b. different ecological or dietary adaptations result in the success of each species.
c. if they had all of the same characteristics, they would likely be classified as the same genus and species.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Evidence of cannibalism among early hominids is found ata. Zhoukoudian, China. b. Gran Dolina, Spain. c. Olduvai Gorge, Kenya.d. Sangiran, Java.
Q:
According to the text, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa wasa. Australopithecus. b. Homo habilis. c. Homo erectus.d. Neandertals.
Q:
A sagittal keela. is characteristic of Homo habilis. b. is characteristic of Homo erectus. c. is characteristic of Homo sapiens.d. is found only in australopithecines.
Q:
Homo erectus evolved all of the following key traits that paved the way for the emergence of Homo sapiens except
a. hunting.
b. symbolic behavior.
c. successful dispersal across large areas.
d. increasing dependence on the use of culture for survival.
Q:
Homo erectus's cranial capacitya. is always less than 1,000 cc. b. is always more than 800 cc. c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
Q:
Homo erectus skullsa. are long, low, and wide at the base. b. have thick bones. c. have large browridges.d. all of the above.
Q:
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone toolsa. had a narrower range of functions.b. used fewer raw materials.c. were characterized by fewer tool types.d. required more learning and skill to produce.
Q:
The Acheulean complexa. emerged around 2.5 mya. b. is used to describe simple pebble tools. c. emerged around 1.5 mya.d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.
Q:
Effective and regular access to high-quality protein likely required
a. expanded brain size.
b. complex tool technologies.
c. social means of obtaining animals as food sources daily.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Fossil evidence of cutmarks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that
a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Increased body size in Homo erectus relative to earlier hominids is most likely related to
a. stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.
b. increased protein in the diet.
c. larger teeth that permitted better food processing.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Physical anthropologists estimate that, on average, Homo erectus
a. was more than 70% taller than Homo habilis.
b. was similar in size to australopithecines.
c. was tall, with males about 5"9" and females about 5"3".
d. none of the above.
Q:
Gran Dolina adult hominids were similar to later Homo sapiens in theira. ability to produce art. b. large cranial capacity. c. wide nasal apertures.d. none of the above.
Q:
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there
a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above.
Q:
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to abouta. 1.7 mya. b. 1.2 mya. c. 500,000 yBP.d. 800,000 yBP.
Q:
Relative to earlier hominids, later Homo erectus from 500,000 yBP hada. a smaller brain. b. larger teeth. c. a bigger sagittal keel.d. a larger brain.
Q:
Analysis of Homo erectus teeth found at Zhoukoudian suggests that controlled use of fire allowed this species to
a. ward off predators.
b. expand into more temperate environments.
c. make foods easier to chew.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Classic Homo erectus cranial features include all of the following excepta. thick cranial bones. b. large browridges. c. rounded skull.d. sagittal keel.
Q:
Dmanisi hominids from the Republic of Georgia are dated toa. 1.0 mya. b. 800,000 yBP. c. 1.8 mya.d. 2.5 mya.
Q:
Homo erectus from Sangiran, Java, dates toa. 800,000 yBP. b. 1.2"1.0 mya. c. 1.8"1.6 mya.d. 2.2"2.0 mya.
Q:
The Nariokotome hominid (Homo erectus) from Lake Turkana is characterized by
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan.
c. longer legs than later hominids.
d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.
Q:
Relative to earlier hominids, Homo erectus is marked bya. a large increase in body size. b. decreased cranial capacity. c. both a and b.d. none of the above.
Q:
Homo erectus fossils date toa. 3"1 mya. b. 2.5 mya"500,000 yBP. c. 1.8 mya"300,000 yBP.d. 1.2 mya"800,000 yBP.
Q:
Homo erectus was first discovered bya. Louis Leakey. b. Richard Leakey. c. Eugne Dubois.d. Ernst Haeckel.
Q:
Reconstruction of habitats at sites that existed in southern and eastern Africa 2.5 mya suggests
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above.
Q:
A major shift by Homo habilis to new environments was characterized by
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big game hunting.
d. use of marine resources.
Q:
Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grips needed to make and use stone tools was present
a. only in Homo erectus.
b. only in Homo habilis.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
d. in all australopithecine and Homo species.
Q:
Homo habilis is characterized bya. long, modern legs. b. short legs. c. a striding gait.d. both a and c.
Q:
Relative to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized bya. a smaller face. b. a bigger brain. c. a rounder and larger skull.d. all of the above.
Q:
Modern human traits including increased brain size and dependence on material culture first show up ina. Homo erectus. b. Homo sapiens. c. Neandertals.d. Homo habilis.
Q:
Fossil evidence for the earliest members of the genus Homo have been found froma. 0.5"present. b. 2.5"1.0 mya. c. 4.0"3.0 mya.d. none of the above.
Q:
Homo rudolfensis is most similar in overall morphology toa. Homo erectus. b. Homo sapiens. c. Homo habilis.d. Australopithecus robustus.
Q:
Eugne Dubois was unique among major evolutionists in the nineteenth century in that he sought to test hypotheses about early human ancestors witha. fossil evidence. b. comparative anatomy. c. genetics.d. archaeological remains.
Q:
Eugne Dubois found fossils of which species in Southeast Asia?a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Homo sapiens c. Homo habilisd. Homo erectus
Q:
Unlike Darwin, Ernst Haeckel believed that humans first evolved ina. Africa. b. South America. c. Asia.d. Haeckel did not believe in evolution.
Q:
One cultural trait which characterized Homo habilis wasa. they had controlled use of fire. b. they cooked meat. c. they built dwelling structures.d. they used stone tools.
Q:
________ likely spent appreciable time in the trees.a. Homo erectus b. Homo habilis c. Homo sapiensd. Neandertals
Q:
Which physical trait characterized Homo erectus as compared to earlier hominids?a. bigger brains b. shorter legs c. larger caninesd. longer arms
Q:
Homo habilis used which type of tools?a. Acheulian hand axes b. Oldowan stone tools c. Mousterian toolsd. none of the above
Q:
What does the Nariokotome Boy skeleton suggest to scientists?
a. that Homo erectus had short arms and long legs
b. that Homo erectus lived in cold climates
c. that modern human growth patterns were already present in Homo erectus
d. that this species acted exactly like modern humans
Q:
The Zhoukoudian fossils belong to which species?a. Homo habilis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Homo erectusd. Homo sapiens
Q:
There is a well-documented fossil record of Homo erectus occupation in Europe beginninga. 1.2 million yBP. b. 1.5million yBP. c. 2.0 million yBP.d. 3.0 million yBP.
Q:
Which of the following is correlated with a growing reliance on tools in the genus Homo?a. reduction in chewing muscles b. brain enlargement c. enlargement of the caninesd. both a and b
Q:
________ has been proposed as a likely ancestor for Homo habilis.a. Australopithecus robustus b. Australopithecus garhi c. Australopithecus boiseid. Australopithecus africanus
Q:
Your friend is asking your opinion on a recent hominid fossil he heard about on the news. He is unable to remember the species name but knows that it lacked the specialized teeth seen in living apes, had elongated toes, an opposable big toe, and was part of a multidisciplinary study that reconstructed the early hominids' habitat. The fossil he is referring to is most likelya. Homo floresiensis. b. Ardipithecus kadabba. c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
Q:
Darwin proposed which of the following as the key to the divergence between apes and humans?a. bipedalism b. large brain size c. huntingd. nonhoning canine
Q:
The large brain is often considered a hallmark of modern humans and our hominid ancestors; however, it is not one of the characteristics thought to be obligate when discussing hominids. An obligate behavior of hominids isa. presence of material culture. b. bipedal locomotion. c. speech.d. honing chewing.
Q:
The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more thana. 1 mya. b. 2 mya. c. 500,000 years ago.d. 4 mya.
Q:
The early hominids from Chad (Sahelanthropus tchadensis) are very important because they
a. span a nearly 3-million-year period.
b. provide evidence of hominid evolution 2,000 km (1,243 mi) from the Rift Valley.
c. were small-brained, bipedal creatures.
d. lived in savanna environments.
Q:
Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because
a. it had a bigger brain than other australopithecines.
b. it had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines.
c. it had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
d. it was bipedal.
Q:
Which hominid has the largest molar teeth?a. Kenyanthropus platyops b. Australopithecus afarensis c. Sahelanthropus tchadensisd. Australopithecus boisei
Q:
The first person to demonstrate the detailed anatomical similarity between human beings and African apes through careful comparative studies wasa. Charles Darwin. b. Thomas Huxley. c. Georges Cuvier.d. Richard Owen.
Q:
In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine, is aa. dental gap. b. gingival space. c. mesial bridge.d. diastema.
Q:
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops was important mainly because
a. it had a small brain like an ape's.
b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominid fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.
Q:
In examining the bones of AL-288 ("Lucy"), which trait would you not expect to find?
a. a brain the size of a chimp's
b. long, curved finger bones and toe bones
c. long legs
d. large molar teeth (as compared to a modern human's)
Q:
The hyoid bone of the juvenile Australopithecus afarensis fossil suggests that this species probably could nota. speak like a modern human. b. walk on two legs over long distances. c. climb trees very effectively.d. eat tough, fibrous foods.
Q:
Which of the following species is a good candidate for being directly ancestral to Australopithecus afarensis?a. Australopithecus africanus b. Kenyanthropus platyops c. Sahelanthropus tchadensisd. Australopithecus anamensis
Q:
Which early hominid genus differs from all others in having a thin layer of enamel on its teeth as apes do?a. Kenyanthropusb. Ardipithecus c. Australopithecusd. Orrorin
Q:
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?a. femur (thighbone) b. skull c. footd. pelvis
Q:
Rodman and McHenry's hypothesis to account for the success of the bipedal adaptation in early hominids involves mainly
a. keeping cool in the heat of the day out on the savanna.
b. males provisioning females and young.
c. energetic efficiency in moving between patches of forest.
d. freeing of the hands to make stone tools.
Q:
Which of the following hominids had a brain significantly larger than a chimpanzee's?a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis c. Kenyanthropus platyopsd. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a robust australopithecine?a. Australopithecus boisei b. Australopithecus anamensis c. Australopithecus aethiopicusd. Australopithecus robustus
Q:
Some australopithecines are referred to as "robust" because
a. their cranial capacity had increased dramatically.
b. they were much taller than their ancestors.
c. they were probably much hairier than their ancestors.
d. they possessed very large molar teeth and chewing muscles.
Q:
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along witha. abundant stone tools. b. animal bones with cut marks. c. evidence for early Homo.d. fossil footprints.
Q:
The australopithecine lineage went extinct abouta. 0.5 mya. b. 1 mya. c. 2 mya.d. 3 mya.
Q:
Australopithecus (Kenyanthropus) platyops is distinct from contemporary Australopithecus afarensis in havinga. a much larger body size. b. greater cranial capacity. c. a flatter face.d. bigger molar teeth.
Q:
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in havinga. a rounded heel. b. a nondivergent big toe. c. a double arch.d. all of the above.