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Q:
In patrilineal parilocal societies,
A. men control the prestige hierarchy.
B. men work harder at food production and manufacturing than do women.
C. men are in short supply due to the practice of male infanticide.
D. men and women enjoy approximately equal status.
E. men trade subsistence goods but not prestige items.
Q:
Public dichotomy
A. tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers.
B. tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among pastoralists.
C. is not significant in urban industrial societies.
D. is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home.
E. is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.
Q:
Domestic-public dichotomy is defines as strong differentiation between
A. spheres of exchange.
B. the secular and the sacred.
C. elite and commoners.
D. the home and the outside world.
E. local and international trade.
Q:
Cross-cultural studies indicate that
A. men contribute much more to subsistence than women do.
B. a gender-based division of labor is very uncommon.
C. in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers.
D. women generally are less restricted than men are with respect to premarital and extramarital sex.
E. men never contribute to child care.
Q:
The __________ is an example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society.
A. United States
B. Yanomami
C. Betsileo
D. Etoro
E. Minangkabau
Q:
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line
A. are patrifocal.
B. are extended.
C. are headed by men.
D. are headed by women.
E. are headed by grandparents.
Q:
A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is a(an)
A. matriarchy.
B. patriarchy.
C. patrilocality.
D. patrilineality.
E. anarchy.
Q:
__________ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex.
A. Patrilineality
B. Patrilocality
C. Warfare
D. Reduced gender stratification
E. Male supremacy
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was believed to sap a man's vitality"
B. "according to the Etoro, women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches"
C. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only about 100 days a year"
D. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence"
E. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death"
Q:
The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from
A. decreasing divorce rates.
B. male migration.
C. unwed adolescent parenthood.
D. civil strife.
E. the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.
Q:
__________ refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.
A. Sex roles
B. Sex stereotypes
C. Gender stereotypes
D. Gender roles
E. Gender duties
Q:
Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions; for instance, the number of wives a man has may be an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status.
Q:
Exogamy is the practice of seeking a mate within one's own group.
Q:
In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role.
Q:
Among foragers
A. men excel under harsh living conditions and therefore accrue vastly more prestige than women accrue.
B. warfare makes men dominant over women.
C. the status of women declines when they provide most of the food.
D. men and women are equal; there is no gender inequality.
E. the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality.
Q:
In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies
A. women are the primary producers of subsistence crops.
B. women govern the public distribution of prestige items.
C. women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.
D. polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more than one wife.
E. the public-domestic dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.
Q:
The term intersex describes
A. gender stratification processes.
B. homosexual practices of the Etoro.
C. a discrepancy between external and internal genitals.
D. a castrated man.
E. sexual practices of chimpanzees.
Q:
Gender stratification is
A. less pronounced among agriculturalists.
B. includes societies where women control all the strategic resources.
C. generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated.
D. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute more to the domestic sphere.
E. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute less to the domestic sphere.
Q:
__________ is not culturally constructed.
A. Race
B. Gender
C. Kinship
D. Sex
E. Sexual norms
Q:
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is
A. sex.
B. sexual dimorphism.
C. gender.
D. gender dimorphism.
E. sexual bifurcation.
Q:
In a(n) __________ society, women's status should be highest.
A. pastoral
B. agricultural
C. horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure
D. tropical foraging
E. industrial state with high unemployment
Q:
In general, the status of women
A. rises as dependence on food production intensifies.
B. is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production.
C. is higher among agriculturalists than it is among foragers.
D. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies.
E. is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.
Q:
If a man marries his deceased brother's widow, it is a levirate marriage.
Q:
Taboos against incest prevent it from ever occurring in human societies.
Q:
In rural Greece, some p brides receive a wealth transfer from their mothers as a kind of trust fund for her marriage
Q:
Members of a clan claim (but cannot demonstrate) descent from a common apical ancestor.
Q:
Your family of procreation is the one in which you were born.
Q:
Although the nuclear family exists in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.
Q:
In industrialized nations, extended families are more common among the lower class than among the upper class.
Q:
Industrialization increases mobility, which has played a major role in the decline of extended families in the United States.
Q:
After reaching an all-time low in the 1970s, the frequency of nuclear families in North America has been steadily increasing.
Q:
Divorce is more common in matrilineal/matrilocal societies than it is in patrilineal/patrilocal societies.
Q:
List six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish. Discuss how these could be accomplished in a same sex marriage.
Q:
Examine how marriage functions as a kind of group alliance, and determine what role bridewealth and dowries play in creating and maintaining marriage alliances.
Q:
With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
Q:
In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line (not both).
Q:
Discuss the major similarities and differences between nuclear families, extended families, and descent groups (e.g., lineages and clans).
Q:
Determine how the BaThonga of Mozambique's practice of giving lobola (substantial gifts to bride's family) affects their marriages.
Q:
Compare endogamy and exogamy and determine how absolute the distinction is between the two. Use examples to illustrate your argument.
Q:
Discuss how Lobola is insurance against divorce. List what types of cultures may require this type of marital exchange.
Q:
__________ refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs.
A. Incest
B. Exogamy
C. Hypogamy
D. Endogamy
E. Polygamy
Q:
In patrilineal societies, lobola like gifts
A. ensure the wealth of the wife.
B. ensure the wealth of the children.
C. make the children born to the woman full members of her husband's descent group.
D. make the husband part of the wife's descent group.
E. has little effect on descent groups.
Q:
The custom of a dowry that goes to the husband's family correlates with
A. low male status.
B. high male status.
C. low female status.
D. high female status.
E. descent inheritance system.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "divorce is more common now than it was a century ago"
B. "the more substantial the joint property, the more complicated the divorce"
C. "divorce is harder in a patrilineal society"
D. "divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states"
E. "substantial bridewealth discourages divorce"
Q:
Polygyny is
A. a situation in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time.
B. the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband.
C. the type of marriage that follows divorce.
D. the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife.
E. a situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time.
Q:
Exogamy is adaptive because it
A. increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need.
B. increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and eliminate them from the population.
C. impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.
D. was an important causal factor in the origin of the state.
E. reduces the gene pool of a community.
Q:
The statement, __________, is true.
A. "Polyandry is found only among mining communities in Madagascar"
B. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation"
C. "polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare"
D. "polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate"
E. "polyandry fails to meet Leach's criteria for marriage"
Q:
The zadruga is a type of extended-family household in
A. Mexico.
B. Malabar Coast of India.
C. Eastern Siberia.
D. Western Bosnia.
E. Japan.
Q:
The Life at Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the
A. family room.
B. kitchen.
C. family room.
D. bedroom.
E. living room.
Q:
Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
Q:
__________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
A. Levirate
B. Sororate
C. Polyandry
D. Incest
E. Exogamy
Q:
Rules of endogamy
A. prove that the incest taboo is not a cultural universal.
B. encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates.
C. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
D. expand a population's gene pool.
E. result in ever-widening kinship networks.
Q:
One of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families is that
A. descent groups are typically not involved with politics, while nuclear families are.
B. nuclear families are always exogamous, while descent groups are always endogamous.
C. descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
D. members of descent groups are called affines, while members of nuclear families are consanguines.
E. nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, while descent groups are found only in foraging societies.
Q:
Incest taboo
A. only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B. is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C. does not eliminate incest.
D. has a genetic basis.
E. is not documented in classic ethnographies.
Q:
__________ refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an apical ancestor.
A. Clan
B. Lineage
C. Extended family
D. Family of procreation
E. Family of orientation
Q:
__________ is a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.
A. Tarawad
B. Sororate
C. Levirate
D. Totem
E. Pater
Q:
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A. band and clan.
B. lineage and nuclear family.
C. extended family and clan.
D. nuclear family and band.
E. band and extended family.
Q:
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is
A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern.
B. an adaptation to poverty.
C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses.
D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.
Q:
The family in which a child is raised is the
A. family of procreation.
B. family of orientation.
C. family of nucleation.
D. levirate family.
E. sororate family.
Q:
__________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal.
A. The lineage
B. The band
C. The nuclear family
D. The clan
E. The expanded family household
Q:
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
A. not all cultures have one.
B. not all cultures define incest the same way.
C. not all cultures know about incest.
D. some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.
E. some cultures nevertheless encourage incest.
Q:
Substantial gifts given by the bride's family or kin is
A. bride theft
B. elopement
C. dowry
D. bridewealth
E. cross-cousin marriage
Q:
Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage
A. by the wife to her husband.
B. by the husband to his wife.
C. by the wife's kin to her husband.
D. by the wife's kin to her husband's kin.
E. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.
Q:
The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a
A. sororate marriage
B. serial polyandry
C. filial marriage
D. levirate marriage
E. polygynous marriage
Q:
The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is
A. mater.
B. genitor.
C. mother of orientation.
D. pater.
E. mother of procreation.
Q:
In matrilineal societies
A. daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group.
B. sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group.
C. descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
D. descent groups include only the children of the group's men.
E. post marriage residence tends to be patrilocal.
Q:
Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.
Q:
In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
Q:
In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social stratum.
Q:
Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources.
Q:
Of the specialized subsystems characteristic of states, the religious subsystem is the most important.
Q:
About one-third of Thailand's population lives in rural areas.
Q:
States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.
Q:
A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts.
Q:
__________ is the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community.
A. Neolocality
B. Patrilocality
C. Matrilocality
D. Ambilocality
E. Uxorilocality
Q:
A big man has supporters in many villages, while a village head has supporters only in his own village.
Q:
The Yanomami are one of the few tribes completely isolated from the national government.
Q:
List the three dimensions of social stratification as defined by Weber. Discuss the basis of each dimension, and answer how stratification differs from status systems in non-state societies.
Q:
Describe at least two methods of social control and two methods of resistance. Give examples.
Q:
Shame and gossip are the only methods of social control in band-level societies.