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Anthropology
Q:
Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrated that
A. the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities.
B. women are subservient to men in nearly all societies because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men.
C. the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy.
D. foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes regarding gender roles.
E. changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy.
Q:
In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are not characterized by
A. scarce resources.
B. inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.
C. a strongly developed public-domestic dichotomy.
D. male control of prestige goods.
E. increased inter-village warfare.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "anthropologists view sexual orientation as learned, malleable, and culturally constructed"
B. "culture plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm"
C. "individuals differ in every society on the nature, range, and intensity of their sexual interests"
D. "sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression"
E. "four forms of sexual orientation - heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality -are found throughout the world"
Q:
__________ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that "a woman's place is in the home."
A. European immigration around 1900
B. World War II
C. Voting rights for women
D. Inflation
E. The Women's Rights Movement
Q:
Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that
A. the status of women is much lower than it is among northern foragers like the Inuit.
B. women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification.
C. the distinction between public and domestic spheres of activity is much sharper than it is in most horticultural societies.
D. there is no sex-based division of labor.
E. women never take part in hunting.
Q:
In patrilineal parilocal societies,
A. men control the prestige hierarchy.
B. men work harder at food production and manufacturing than do women.
C. men are in short supply due to the practice of male infanticide.
D. men and women enjoy approximately equal status.
E. men trade subsistence goods but not prestige items.
Q:
Public dichotomy
A. tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers.
B. tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among pastoralists.
C. is not significant in urban industrial societies.
D. is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home.
E. is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.
Q:
Domestic-public dichotomy is defines as strong differentiation between
A. spheres of exchange.
B. the secular and the sacred.
C. elite and commoners.
D. the home and the outside world.
E. local and international trade.
Q:
Cross-cultural studies indicate that
A. men contribute much more to subsistence than women do.
B. a gender-based division of labor is very uncommon.
C. in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers.
D. women generally are less restricted than men are with respect to premarital and extramarital sex.
E. men never contribute to child care.
Q:
The __________ is an example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society.
A. United States
B. Yanomami
C. Betsileo
D. Etoro
E. Minangkabau
Q:
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line
A. are patrifocal.
B. are extended.
C. are headed by men.
D. are headed by women.
E. are headed by grandparents.
Q:
__________ is not culturally constructed.
A. Race
B. Gender
C. Kinship
D. Sex
E. Sexual norms
Q:
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is
A. sex.
B. sexual dimorphism.
C. gender.
D. gender dimorphism.
E. sexual bifurcation.
Q:
In a(n) __________ society, women's status should be highest.
A. pastoral
B. agricultural
C. horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure
D. tropical foraging
E. industrial state with high unemployment
Q:
In general, the status of women
A. rises as dependence on food production intensifies.
B. is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production.
C. is higher among agriculturalists than it is among foragers.
D. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies.
E. is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.
Q:
Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions; for instance, the number of wives a man has may be an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status.
Q:
Exogamy is the practice of seeking a mate within one's own group.
Q:
In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role.
Q:
Among foragers
A. men excel under harsh living conditions and therefore accrue vastly more prestige than women accrue.
B. warfare makes men dominant over women.
C. the status of women declines when they provide most of the food.
D. men and women are equal; there is no gender inequality.
E. the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality.
Q:
In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies
A. women are the primary producers of subsistence crops.
B. women govern the public distribution of prestige items.
C. women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.
D. polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more than one wife.
E. the public-domestic dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.
Q:
The term intersex describes
A. gender stratification processes.
B. homosexual practices of the Etoro.
C. a discrepancy between external and internal genitals.
D. a castrated man.
E. sexual practices of chimpanzees.
Q:
Gender stratification is
A. less pronounced among agriculturalists.
B. includes societies where women control all the strategic resources.
C. generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated.
D. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute more to the domestic sphere.
E. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute less to the domestic sphere.
Q:
In industrialized nations, extended families are more common among the lower class than among the upper class.
Q:
Industrialization increases mobility, which has played a major role in the decline of extended families in the United States.
Q:
After reaching an all-time low in the 1970s, the frequency of nuclear families in North America has been steadily increasing.
Q:
Divorce is more common in matrilineal/matrilocal societies than it is in patrilineal/patrilocal societies.
Q:
If a man marries his deceased brother's widow, it is a levirate marriage.
Q:
Taboos against incest prevent it from ever occurring in human societies.
Q:
In rural Greece, some p brides receive a wealth transfer from their mothers as a kind of trust fund for her marriage
Q:
Members of a clan claim (but cannot demonstrate) descent from a common apical ancestor.
Q:
Your family of procreation is the one in which you were born.
Q:
Although the nuclear family exists in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.
Q:
Determine how the BaThonga of Mozambique's practice of giving lobola (substantial gifts to bride's family) affects their marriages.
Q:
Compare endogamy and exogamy and determine how absolute the distinction is between the two. Use examples to illustrate your argument.
Q:
Discuss how Lobola is insurance against divorce. List what types of cultures may require this type of marital exchange.
Q:
List six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish. Discuss how these could be accomplished in a same sex marriage.
Q:
Examine how marriage functions as a kind of group alliance, and determine what role bridewealth and dowries play in creating and maintaining marriage alliances.
Q:
With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
Q:
In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line (not both).
Q:
Discuss the major similarities and differences between nuclear families, extended families, and descent groups (e.g., lineages and clans).
Q:
__________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
A. Levirate
B. Sororate
C. Polyandry
D. Incest
E. Exogamy
Q:
Rules of endogamy
A. prove that the incest taboo is not a cultural universal.
B. encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates.
C. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
D. expand a population's gene pool.
E. result in ever-widening kinship networks.
Q:
__________ refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs.
A. Incest
B. Exogamy
C. Hypogamy
D. Endogamy
E. Polygamy
Q:
In patrilineal societies, lobola like gifts
A. ensure the wealth of the wife.
B. ensure the wealth of the children.
C. make the children born to the woman full members of her husband's descent group.
D. make the husband part of the wife's descent group.
E. has little effect on descent groups.
Q:
The custom of a dowry that goes to the husband's family correlates with
A. low male status.
B. high male status.
C. low female status.
D. high female status.
E. descent inheritance system.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "divorce is more common now than it was a century ago"
B. "the more substantial the joint property, the more complicated the divorce"
C. "divorce is harder in a patrilineal society"
D. "divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states"
E. "substantial bridewealth discourages divorce"
Q:
Polygyny is
A. a situation in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time.
B. the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband.
C. the type of marriage that follows divorce.
D. the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife.
E. a situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time.
Q:
Exogamy is adaptive because it
A. increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need.
B. increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and eliminate them from the population.
C. impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.
D. was an important causal factor in the origin of the state.
E. reduces the gene pool of a community.
Q:
The statement, __________, is true.
A. "Polyandry is found only among mining communities in Madagascar"
B. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation"
C. "polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare"
D. "polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate"
E. "polyandry fails to meet Leach's criteria for marriage"
Q:
The zadruga is a type of extended-family household in
A. Mexico.
B. Malabar Coast of India.
C. Eastern Siberia.
D. Western Bosnia.
E. Japan.
Q:
The Life at Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the
A. family room.
B. kitchen.
C. family room.
D. bedroom.
E. living room.
Q:
Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
Q:
The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a
A. sororate marriage
B. serial polyandry
C. filial marriage
D. levirate marriage
E. polygynous marriage
Q:
The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is
A. mater.
B. genitor.
C. mother of orientation.
D. pater.
E. mother of procreation.
Q:
In matrilineal societies
A. daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group.
B. sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group.
C. descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
D. descent groups include only the children of the group's men.
E. post marriage residence tends to be patrilocal.
Q:
One of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families is that
A. descent groups are typically not involved with politics, while nuclear families are.
B. nuclear families are always exogamous, while descent groups are always endogamous.
C. descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
D. members of descent groups are called affines, while members of nuclear families are consanguines.
E. nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, while descent groups are found only in foraging societies.
Q:
Incest taboo
A. only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B. is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C. does not eliminate incest.
D. has a genetic basis.
E. is not documented in classic ethnographies.
Q:
__________ refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an apical ancestor.
A. Clan
B. Lineage
C. Extended family
D. Family of procreation
E. Family of orientation
Q:
__________ is a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.
A. Tarawad
B. Sororate
C. Levirate
D. Totem
E. Pater
Q:
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A. band and clan.
B. lineage and nuclear family.
C. extended family and clan.
D. nuclear family and band.
E. band and extended family.
Q:
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is
A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern.
B. an adaptation to poverty.
C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses.
D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.
Q:
The family in which a child is raised is the
A. family of procreation.
B. family of orientation.
C. family of nucleation.
D. levirate family.
E. sororate family.
Q:
__________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal.
A. The lineage
B. The band
C. The nuclear family
D. The clan
E. The expanded family household
Q:
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
A. not all cultures have one.
B. not all cultures define incest the same way.
C. not all cultures know about incest.
D. some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.
E. some cultures nevertheless encourage incest.
Q:
Substantial gifts given by the bride's family or kin is
A. bride theft
B. elopement
C. dowry
D. bridewealth
E. cross-cousin marriage
Q:
Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage
A. by the wife to her husband.
B. by the husband to his wife.
C. by the wife's kin to her husband.
D. by the wife's kin to her husband's kin.
E. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.
Q:
States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.
Q:
A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts.
Q:
__________ is the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community.
A. Neolocality
B. Patrilocality
C. Matrilocality
D. Ambilocality
E. Uxorilocality
Q:
Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.
Q:
In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
Q:
In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social stratum.
Q:
Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources.
Q:
Of the specialized subsystems characteristic of states, the religious subsystem is the most important.
Q:
About one-third of Thailand's population lives in rural areas.
Q:
The nuclear family and the band are the two basic social groups typically found in forager societies.
Q:
Band leaders occupy official offices and are able to force other band members to obey their commands.
Q:
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
Q:
In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things.
Q:
Most bands and tribal groups in the world today are isolated from other human societies.