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Anthropology
Q:
Which of the following would not be part of an Oldowan toolkit?a. simple stone flakes b. rounded and pitted hammerstones c. crude core piecesd. long, sharp blades
Q:
The Laetoli site, in Tanzania, is most famous for
a. the discovery of "Lucy."
b. preserving fossil hominid footprints.
c. huge caches of stone tools.
d. a collection of robust australopithecine fossils.
Q:
The only early hominid that lacks the thick enamel coating on its teeth typical of other hominids isa. Australopithecus. b. Sahelanthropus. c. Ardipithecus.d. Orrorin.
Q:
Among living nonhuman primates, which is Homo sapiens" closest relative?a. baboon b. gorilla c. orangutand. chimpanzee
Q:
The earliest australopithecines probably lived in which kind of environment?a. dense tropical forest b. complex hybrid habitats c. open savanna grasslandd. arid, high-altitude uplands
Q:
The only pre-australopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley isa. Orrorin tugenensis. b. Ardipithecus kadabba. c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
Q:
In addressing bipedalism's origin, Darwin focused on
a. hunting.
b. females' ability to carry babies.
c. body temperature control (thermoregulation).
d. parasite reduction.
Q:
At which site would you be most likely to find fossil remains of Australopithecus africanus?a. Sterkfontein, South Africa b. Hadar, Ethiopia c. Laetoli, Tanzaniad. Swartkrans, South Africa
Q:
Owen Lovejoy's model for the origin of bipedalism focuses ona. dispersing heat away from the body. b. males provisioning females and young. c. reaching for food in high places.d. making and using stone tools.
Q:
In which of the following species would you expect to find a large projecting canine tooth with a sharp edge on its back?a. modern human b. Australopithecus afarensis c. Australopithecus boiseid. gorilla
Q:
Each of the following traits is found in a bipedal hominid excepta. a wide, short pelvis. b. a big toe in line with the other toes. c. an angled thigh bone.d. a foramen magnum far back on the skull.
Q:
The ravine in East Africa's Great Rift Valley where many early hominid fossils have been recovered (often referred to as the "cradle of humankind") isa. Lake Turkana. b. Olduvai Gorge. c. Swartkrans.d. Hadar.
Q:
The fossil nicknamed "Lucy" is a member of which species?a. Australopithecus anamensis b. Ardipithecus ramidus c. Australopithecus afarensisd. Australopithecus africanus
Q:
The oldest known possibly bipedal hominid genus isa. Sahelanthropus. b. Australopithecus. c. Homo.d. Ardipithecus.
Q:
What characterizes all the early hominids from Africa older than 2 million years?
a. They all possessed large brains.
b. They all possessed small brains, the size of apes'.
c. They all possessed large canines.
d. None were bipedal.
Q:
The oldest recognizable artifacts are simple stone tools dating to about 2.6 mya and are referred to as the ________ .a. Acheulan complex b. Mousterian complex c. Oldowan complexd. Clovis complex
Q:
Fossil remains of the pre-australopithecines are found in what part of the world?
a. throughout most of the Old World, from Africa to East Asia
b. throughout the entire globe
c. in Asia only
d. in Africa only
Q:
Early hominids display a relatively lower level of sexual dimorphism in body size than living gorillas and living orangutans do. What could be inferred from this finding?
a. that early hominids were more competitive
b. that early hominids were more cooperative
c. that early hominids ate meat
d. that early hominids existed in large sedentary groups
Q:
Who of the following described the first specimen of Australopithecus ever discovered?a. Louis Leakey b. Tim White c. Raymond Dartd. Mary Leakey
Q:
Which of the following traits characterize hominids as a group?a. large canines b. s-shaped spine c. thinner tooth enameld. foramen magnum set back on the skull
Q:
The first hominids appeared in Africa about ________ .a. 20-25 mya b. 10-15 mya c. 7-6 myad. 3-5 mya
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of hominid evolution?
a. Large brains preceded the appearance of bipedalism.
b. Bipedal locomotion preceded the appearance of large brains.
c. Tool use preceded the appearance of bipedal locomotion.
d. Fire use preceded the appearance of large brains.
Q:
Using direct radiometric dating of ________ provides very accurate ages for many East African Rift Valley hominid sites.a. volcanic rocks b. trees c. potteryd. plants
Q:
Dentally, which of the following best describes the earliest hominids?
a. They had very large canine teeth, similar to a male chimpanzee's.
b. They possessed a diastema.
c. They had small, nonprojecting canines.
d. They possessed a honing dental complex.
Q:
Compare and contrast Rodman and McHenry's Patchy Forest hypothesis with Lovejoy's Provisioning hypothesis.
Q:
Name and briefly describe five key traits of modern humans that the living great apes do not display.
Q:
Describe in detail three theories aiming to explain the adaptive success of bipedal locomotion.
Q:
Geologically speaking, why is East Africa's Great Rift Valley such an important region for conducting paleoanthropological research?
Q:
Imagine you are a paleontologist working in the field and you come across a skeleton of what you think might be an early hominid. What skeletal features would you look for to demonstrate that the creature walked bipedally?
Q:
You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits are present?
a. a narrow pelvis
b. posterior position of the foramen magnum
c. opposable hallux
d. thigh bones that angle in toward the knees
Q:
A pre-australopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?
a. nonhoning chewing, vestigial apelike traits, increased brain size
b. modified honing chewing, vestigial apelike traits, increased brain size
c. modified honing chewing, vestigial apelike traits, small brain size
d. nonhoning chewing, loss of apelike traits, small brain size
Q:
Platyrrhine fossils first appear in the South American fossil record during the late Oligocene epoch. Since they are not found in earlier fossil-bearing sediments, and South America at that time was essentially an island continent, how do scientists think they got there?
Q:
Discuss the reasons why Paleocene-aged plesiadapiforms should or should not be included in the order Primates.
Q:
Given the proliferation of apes during the Miocene, how do scientists explain the comparative rarity of living ape species at present?
Q:
Name and briefly describe the three main models, or hypotheses, of primate origins.
Q:
Why is the Fayum depression in Egypt such an important site for understanding the origin and diversification of anthropoid primates?
Q:
The shift from the Miocene, which had greater diversity of ape species and fewer monkey species, to a living assemblage with greater diversity of monkey species and fewer ape species may be the result of
a. global climate changes that resulted in cooler, wetter environments less optimal for ape species.
b. differences in ability to exploit the habitats that resulted after a change in global climate.
c. cooler climates, where it is more difficult to preserve larger ape fossils.
d. declines in ape diversity, caused by competition from hominin species.
Q:
Parapithecids area. ancestral to all cattarhines. b. found only in Asia. c. ancestral to anthropoids.d. found only in North America.
Q:
Contenders for primate status from the Paleocene epoch lack which of the following characteristics observed in adapids and omomyids?
a. convergent eyes, partially or fully enclosed eye orbits, increased sense of vision
b. increased sense of vision, convergent eyes, reduced sense of smell, a short snout
c. reduced sense of smell, small incisors, large canines, large brain
d. all of the above
Q:
A press release on the findings from a dig in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming reports the finding of a series of extinct primate fossils that may be a link between plesiadapiforms and later primates due to an opposable big toe. The find is likelya. Notharctus. b. Carpolestes. c. Eosimias.d. Apidium.
Q:
While reading a journal article on the evolution of primate characteristics, you note that the author supports the arboreal hypothesis as the driver of the primate evolution. Which of the following arguments could you develop in response to this article?
a. Many species outside of the primate order also live in trees and have forward-facing eyes, but they are not primates.
b. The depth perception developed as a result of binocular vision is as important in feeding strategy as it is in moving through an arboreal environment.
c. Grasping hands and feet are not required for tree-living species, as many mammals lack opposability of digits.
d. All of the above.
Q:
The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines isa. Oligopithecus. b. Aegyptopithecus. c. Parapithecus.d. Apidium.
Q:
Early fossil primates from the Eocene would most likely have shared their habitat witha. rodents. b. trilobites. c. kangaroos.d. dinosaurs.
Q:
Both Colobines and Cercopithecines appear in the late Miocene fossil record, representing the two subfamilies of livinga. apes. b. lemurs. c. Old World monkeys.d. New World monkeys.
Q:
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?a. long legs b. pointy teeth c. large eye orbitsd. short fingers and toes
Q:
If you traveled back in time to Africa about 27 mya and came across a group of the early ape Proconsul feeding in a tree, what would you not expect to see these animals doing?a. hanging by their tails b. grasping fruit in their handsc. walking on all fours on branchesd. sitting upright
Q:
Which fossil group is characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone?a. adapids b. plesiadapiforms c. anthropoidsd. omomyids
Q:
In which of the following extinct primates would you expect to find a 2/1/2/3 dental formula?a. Adapis b. Notharctus c. Branisellad. Proconsul
Q:
Based on the existing fossil record and the genetics of living primates, the most likely place of origin for New World monkeys isa. Indonesia. b. North America. c. Africa.d. South America.
Q:
Which Eocene primate from China has recently been proposed as an extremely primitive, and tiny, anthropoid?a. Eosimias b. Khoratopithecus c. Adapisd. Notharctus
Q:
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages arounda. 5 mya. b. 10 mya. c. 15 mya.d. 25 mya.
Q:
Which of the following apes has been proposed as the last common ancestor of living African apes and humans?a. Ouranopithecus b. Sivapithecus c. Dryopithecusd. Gigantopithecus
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the main hypotheses to explain primate origins?a. arboreal hypothesis b. angiosperm radiation hypothesis c. aquatic ape hypothesisd. visual predation hypothesis
Q:
The very large baboon-like monkey (up to 80 kg or 176 lbs) that lived during the African Plio-Pleistocene wasa. Proconsul major. b. Oreopithecus bambolii. c. Sivapithecus indicus.d. Theropithecus oswaldi.
Q:
A fossil primate with legs and arms of about equal length would most likely have gotten around using which form of locomotion?a. leaping b. quadrupedalism c. swinging under branchesd. bipedalism
Q:
If you are digging in a 20-million-year-old fossil site in eastern Africa, which primate are you most likely to come across?a. Proconsul b. Oligopithecus c. Theropithecusd. Khoratpithecus
Q:
Primitive Old World monkeys from the mid to late Miocene of Africa are members of which family?a. Propliopithecidae b. Proconsulidae c. Victoriapithecidaed. Dryopithecidae
Q:
The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, isa. a 2/1/2/3 dental formula. b. a long canine tooth in males. c. a Y-5 molar pattern.d. bilophodont molars.
Q:
Apes became extinct in southern Europe during the late Miocene, probably as a result ofa. a meteor impact. b. a disease pandemic. c. climate change.d. early humans hunting them for food.
Q:
Which of the following is not true of the fossil ape Oreopithecus?
a. It lived during the late Miocene.
b. It had specialized molar teeth adapted for eating leaves.
c. Its fossils are found almost exclusively in coal deposits in Italy.
d. It had very short arms and long legs and was probably well suited for leaping.
Q:
Gigantopithecus, the largest primate that ever lived, weighed approximatelya. 3 kg b. 30 kg c. 300 kgd. 3,000 kg
Q:
During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?a. prosimians b. monkeys c. apesd. humans
Q:
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?a. gorilla b. orangutan c. chimpanzeed. gibbon
Q:
If you are examining the fossil remains of the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?a. India b. Bolivia c. Franced. China
Q:
Approximately when did the African tectonic plate contact the Eurasian plate, allowing early African apes to migrate throughout the Old World?a. 5 mya b. 12 mya c. 17 myad. 28 mya
Q:
The earliest known South American primate is a 26-million-year-old monkey from Bolivia calleda. Theropithecus. b. Branisella. c. Proconsul.d. Afropithecus.
Q:
Which of the following is not an early anthropoid family from the Fayum?a. Victoriapithecidae b. Parapithecidae c. Oligopithecidaed. Propliopithecidae
Q:
The northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of itsa. ankle. b. skull. c. lower premolar tooth.d. pelvis.
Q:
The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitivea. primate. b. anthropoid. c. New World monkey.d. ape.
Q:
The plesiadapiform genus that had an opposable big toe with a nail at the end and therefore may be ancestral to euprimates isa. Paromomys. b. Ignacius. c. Plesiadapis.d. Carpolestes.
Q:
Which of the following is not true of the Eocene euprimates?
a. They possessed postorbital bars.
b. They had grasping digits on both hands and feet.
c. They were quite large, greater than 20 kg (44 lbs).
d. They had relatively large brains.
Q:
The group of archaic mammals that lived during the Paleocene epoch and are likely very closely related to the earliest primates area. plesiadapiforms. b. omomyids. c. adapids.d. tarsiers.
Q:
Which of the following is not a typical primate trait?a. sideways-facing eyes b. grasping hands and grasping feet c. relatively large brain sized. a reduced snout
Q:
Fossil and living apes exhibit a distinctive cusp pattern on the chewing surfaces of their molar teeth known asa. Y-5 b. Y-6 c. silodontd. Carabelli's cusp
Q:
Miocene victoriapithecids are considered primitive ancestors of ________ .a. all living apes b. all living New World monkeys c. all living Old World monkeysd. all living prosimians
Q:
The skeleton of most Miocene apes was more similar to which of the following?a. living apes b. living monkeys c. living prosimiansd. living tree shrews
Q:
The dental formula of all known fossil and living catarrhines isa. 2/1/3/3. b. 2/1/2/3. c. 2/1/2.d. 2/1/3/2.
Q:
It is now a desert, but ________ the Fayum region of Egypt was a wet tropical forest.a. 10 mya b. 15 mya c. 30 myad. 45 mya
Q:
Based on their morphology, omomyids are probably closely related to ________ .a. sifakas b. tarsiers c. lemursd. aye-ayes
Q:
Which of these physical traits did not characterize the Adapids?a. a tooth comb in the lower jaw b. large eye orbits c. grasping handsd. grasping feet