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Q:
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
Q:
In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things.
Q:
Most bands and tribal groups in the world today are isolated from other human societies.
Q:
A big man has supporters in many villages, while a village head has supporters only in his own village.
Q:
The Yanomami are one of the few tribes completely isolated from the national government.
Q:
Describe to what extent modern foragers serve as the basis for reconstructions of social, political, and economic organization among ancient hunter-gatherer bands. Justify your answer.
Q:
List the major implications of food production. Describe how reliance on food production affects the social, economic, and political organization of societies.
Q:
In non-state societies, relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage are essential to sociopolitical organization. Discuss two ethnographic cases that illustrate this point.
Q:
Contrast two of the following: (a) band leaders, (b) village heads, (c) big men, (d) chiefs. Discuss how these political figures attain - and keep - their leadership positions. Discuss the extent to which they can they enforce their decisions, and relate how permanent their political roles are.
Q:
Identify the factors responsible for the variable development of political regulation and authority structures among pastoralists.
Q:
An age set is
A. a village council.
B. a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement.
C. all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor.
D. all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor.
E. a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.
Q:
__________ is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state.
A. Personality
B. Socioeconomic class
C. Speaking ability
D. Anthropomorphism
E. Physical size
Q:
States require specialized functions including
A. a judiciary.
B. fiscal support.
C. population control.
D. enforcement.
E. All the above are correct.
Q:
__________ is not typical of state societies.
A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy
B. Class stratification
C. Boundary maintenance systems
D. Intensive agriculture
E. Fiscal systems
Q:
The internalization of a dominant ideology is
A. a method of chiefly redistribution.
B. the way that pantribal sodalities are formed.
C. a resistance method practiced in small-scale societies.
D. a form of fiscal control.
E. called hegemony.
Q:
Chiefdoms differ from states in that
A. chiefdom status systems are based on differential access to resources.
B. chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.
C. chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses.
D. chiefdoms have permanent political regulation.
E. chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists.
Q:
A __________ features differential access to resources based on social stratification.
A. chiefdom
B. band
C. clan
D. tribe
E. state
Q:
The Igbo Women's War is an example of
A. hegemony working to eliminate resistance.
B. social stratification.
C. religious control.
D. shame and ridicule as a method of resistance.
E. women achieving status in a tribal society.
Q:
Ascribed status is a
A. status that a person has little or no choice about occupying
B. status that a person chooses
C. status that a person earns, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer
D. position of dominance in a society
E. status based on standardized test scores
Q:
__________ represents social status based on talents, actions, efforts, choices, and accomplishments.
A. Ascribed status
B. Achieved status
C. Situational status
D. Negotiated status
E. Ethnicity
Q:
Technology is transforming Thailand, and one result is that people now
A. have less political power.
B. avoid the Internet.
C. do much less farming.
D. produce less food.
E. travel frequently between provinces.
Q:
A big man's position does not depend on
A. hard work.
B. inherited status.
C. generosity.
D. personal charisma.
E. accumulation of wealth.
Q:
According to Weber, the basis of social status is.
A. wealth.
B. age.
C. prestige.
D. intelligence.
E. power.
Q:
Social scientists use the term __________ to refer to the socially approved use of power.
A. authority
B. influence
C. prestige
D. stratification
E. endogamy
Q:
A "big man" is a
A. person who holds a permanent political office
B. hereditary ruler
C. person of influence and prestige
D. leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity
E. leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine
Q:
In non-state societies,
A. professional armies conduct warfare.
B. political institutions are separate from economic institutions.
C. social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion.
D. economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.
E. all political power is based on religion.
Q:
In band societies, __________ determines the amount of respect or status that an individual enjoys.
A. rank ascribed at birth
B. culturally valued personal attributes
C. the individual's possessions and their monetary value
D. the amount of labor that the individual can extract from his or her spouse and children
E. genealogical relationships to apical ancestors
Q:
Kin groups with members who are related to a common ancestor are
A. bands.
B. sodalities.
C. age sets.
D. secret societies.
E. descent groups.
Q:
Foraging economies are usually associated with a __________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. state
D. chiefdom
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
__________ was not traditionally used by the Inuit to handle disputes.
A. Blood feuds
B. Song contests
C. Killing an offender
D. Courts of law
E. Kin ties
Q:
In foraging bands, the leaders
A. retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class.
B. inherited privileged access to strategic resources.
C. maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D. have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E. are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
Q:
The primary difference between a village head and a "big man" is that
A. a big man can enforce his decisions.
B. a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C. a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D. a big man's high status is ascribed, while a village head's high status is achieved.
E. village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
Q:
The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in
A. Melanesia.
B. Polynesia.
C. The Great Plains of North America.
D. Southern Europe.
E. Papua New Guinea.
Q:
The Basseri and the Qashqai
A. were nomadic foraging groups in Iran.
B. enjoyed a symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists.
C. differ in leadership because a Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example.
D. differ in authority structure with the Qashqai featuring a more complex and hierarchical structure than the Basseri.
E. were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
Q:
Big man accumulate wealth because
A. big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B. the term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C. big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D. to become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E. big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q:
The __________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms.
A. narket principle
B. redistribution principle
C. generalized reciprocity
D. balanced reciprocity
E. negative reciprocity
Q:
The term alienation describes __________ in industrial economies.
A. the peasants' loss of land
B. an increasing subculture of poverty
C. negative reciprocity
D. the separation of workers from the things they produce
E. the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
Q:
All peasants
A. produce food without elaborate technology.
B. live in industrial states.
C. are foragers.
D. sell all of the food they produce.
E. own the land that they cultivate.
Q:
When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of
A. balanced reciprocity.
B. positive reciprocity.
C. negative reciprocity.
D. specialized reciprocity.
E. generalized reciprocity.
Q:
__________ is not associated with the market principle.
A. Profit motive
B. The law of supply and demand
C. Fixed values for products
D. Bargaining
E. Industrialism
Q:
Paying taxes is an example of
A. generalized reciprocity.
B. balanced reciprocity.
C. the market principle.
D. redistribution.
E. negative reciprocity.
Q:
Potlatch is a
A. festive event where the sponsors give away gifts and gain prestige in return.
B. fastening device for the first pottery to keep animals out of the food.
C. harvest festival in agricultural cultures.
D. lock for the outhouse shaped like a pot.
E. rite of intensification to solidify group bonds.
Q:
When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran away from him because
A. he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted.
B. he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman.
C. they were afraid that he was working for the national government to take away their land.
D. they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls.
E. they thought he was a vampire.
Q:
The Betsileo of Madagascar view of money changed and now they
A. use coins.
B. have a full economic system.
C. many people desire cash.
D. are self-sufficient.
E. also need money for food.
Q:
In a(n) __________, most leaders will acquire their positions because of their personal backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity.
A. tribal society
B. feudal state
C. imagined community
D. chiefdom
E. agrarian, preindustrial state
Q:
For much of human history, people lived in societies characterized by a __________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. chiefdom
D. state
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
Horticulture differ from agriculture in that
A. the former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B. because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C. agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D. the former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E. horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
Q:
A mode of production is
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international mercantilism
B. the land, labor, and technology used in production
C. the way production is organized in a society
D. technology used to produce consumer goods
E. the cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry
Q:
When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a
A. social fund.
B. subsistence fund.
C. ceremonial fund.
D. replacement fund.
E. rent fund.
Q:
Economies are embedded in society because
A. nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B. nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C. relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
D. governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E. most economic activity takes place far from home.
Q:
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is
A. an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy.
B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
C. the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society.
D. a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired.
E. an example of negative reciprocity.
Q:
Horticulture makes intensive use of
A. labor.
B. land.
C. machinery.
D. capital.
E. none of the factors of production.
Q:
__________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies.
A. Social stratification
B. Sedentism
C. Egalitarianism
D. Irrigation
E. Large populations
Q:
Agricultural intensification is not associated with
A. greater ecological diversity.
B. deforestation.
C. increased regulation of interpersonal relations.
D. increased potential for conflict.
E. population growth.
Q:
__________ is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation.
A. Intensive use of land and human labor
B. Irrigation and terracing
C. Use of draft animals
D. Location in arid areas
E. Slash-and-burn techniques
Q:
Means of production include
A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism.
B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity.
C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.
D. kinship, descent, and marriage.
E. land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Agriculturalists
A. clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass.
B. generally work less than horticulturalists.
C. must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land.
D. use their land intensively and continuously.
E. diet is more varied than that of horticulturalists.
Q:
The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year. is
A. nomadism.
B. migration.
C. transhumance.
D. potlatching.
E. redistribution.
Q:
__________ occurs in all human societies.
A. Gender-based division of labor
B. Transhumance
C. Highly specialized technology
D. Domestication of animals for food
E. Terracing
Q:
Most present-day foragers
A. primarily fish for subsistence.
B. are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D. live in marginal environments.
E. adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
Q:
Shifting cultivation
A. typically involves the use of draft animals.
B. cannot support permanent villages.
C. requires irrigation.
D. requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E. relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q:
__________ is not one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology.
A. Pastoralism
B. Redistribution
C. Agriculture
D. Industrialism
E. Foraging
Q:
All humans were foragers until approximately
A. 10 million years ago.
B. 1 million years ago.
C. 100,000 years ago.
D. 12,000 years ago.
E. 1,000 years ago.
Q:
The __________ are not foragers.
A. Basseri (Iran)
B. Australian aborigines
C. Mbuti (Congo)
D. Eskimos (Alaska and Canada)
E. San (Kalahari Desert)
Q:
A common social unit among foragers is the
A. tribe
B. chiefdom
C. segmentary lineage
D. state
E. band
Q:
An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A. cultivation.
B. swiddening.
C. fallowing.
D. symbiosis.
E. transhumance.
Q:
People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.
Q:
Through potlatching, food and wealth were transferred from wealthy to needy communities, while potlatch sponsors and their villages were rewarded with prestige.
Q:
Unlike industrial workers in most developing countries, female factory employees in Malaysia enjoy very good working conditions (e.g., high wages, job security, unionization).
Q:
Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.
Q:
In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.
Q:
Although the productivity per area of agriculture is much greater, horticultural yields are more dependable in the end.
Q:
Unlike foraging and cultivation, which existed throughout the world before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism was confined to North America.
Q:
With transhumance, the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year.
Q:
A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Societies with the same adaptive strategy also tend to have comparable modes of production.
Q:
With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not know each other.
Q:
Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
Q:
Describe how economic specialization in industrial nations differs from specialization in nonindustrial societies.
Q:
Describe how people in all societies maximize, and identify what they maximize. Determine if maximization is a cultural universal, and explain your answer.