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Anthropology
Q:
Kottak describes his __________ on his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil.
A. culture shock
B. the ethnographic present
C. survey techniques
D. interview schedules
E. bifocality of the local and the outside world
Q:
Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is
A. longitudinal research
B. emic research
C. etic research
D. informed consent
E. participant observation
Q:
Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research
A. studies whole functioning communities.
B. is based on first-hand fieldwork.
C. is more personal.
D. generally focuses on a subset of a larger population.
E. has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial societies.
Q:
In survey research, sampling is
A. the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C. participant observation.
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community.
E. the recording of the emic perspective.
Q:
The __________ strategy is unique to anthropology.
A. comparison
B. biological perspective
C. ethnography
D. evolutionary perspective
E. skilled respondents
Q:
__________ is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers.
A. The genealogical method
B. Participant observation
C. Conversation
D. Online questionnaires
E. Interview schedules
Q:
__________ refers to the study of an area or population over time.
A. Team research
B. Etic research
C. Longitudinal research
D. Survey research
E. Genealogical method
Q:
__________ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
A. Representative sample
B. Etic informant
C. Key cultural consultant
D. Biased informant
E. Life historian
Q:
The __________ researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations.
A. ethnographer
B. sociologist
C. economist
D. palynologist
E. limnologist
Q:
In survey research, a sample should
A. include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher.
C. not be randomly selected.
D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made.
E. be invariant.
Q:
__________ is a key technique because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies.
A. The life history
B. Participant observation
C. The genealogical method
D. The interview schedule
E. Network analysis
Q:
__________ is the ethnographic present.
A. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture
B. The period before Westernization
C. The period that documents cultural change
D. The dates that include cultural contact
E. The date the ethnography was published
Q:
Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.
Q:
Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
Q:
Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures that they learned as children.
Q:
Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
Q:
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society.
B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions.
C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
D. simply disregarded by most researchers.
E. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
Q:
To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must
A. get permission from the American Anthropological Association.
B. pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed.
C. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them.
D. get permission from the United State's State Department.
E. hold a PhD in anthropology.
Q:
An anthropologist should remain with the group they are studying for
A. less than one month, in order to not overstay their welcome.
B. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities.
C. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time.
D. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once.
E. three months, in order to see a full harvest cycle.
Q:
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
A. be completely useless, as he or she is in culture shock.
B. spend time recovering from jet lag.
C. only hand out gifts to the children of the culture.
D. notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness.
E. read background history on the culture.
Q:
The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a postharvest festival like many other societies is the __________ view.
A. etic
B. consultant
C. emic
D. sociologist's
E. participant observation
Q:
Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on
A. the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives.
B. a particular aspect of culture, such as kinship or religion.
C. the anthropologist's interactions in the culture.
D. the feminist view of culture.
E. a holistic view of all aspects of a culture.
Q:
The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is
A. ethnographic present.
B. interpretive ethnography.
C. reflexive ethnography.
D. classic ethnography.
E. holistic anthropology.
Q:
The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
Q:
People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.
Q:
Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.
Q:
By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
Q:
Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.
Q:
Although culture is one of the principle means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival.
Q:
Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.
Q:
Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
Q:
Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.
Q:
Explain the differences between cultural universals, generalities, and particularities. Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q:
Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it. Discuss how globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.
Q:
Researchers have observed Japanese macaques making and using "termiting" sticks in the wild.
Q:
Discuss the different kinds of learning, and identify the kind of learning upon which culture depends.
Q:
Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive. Identify why it is important to understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.
Q:
Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or different. Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an anthropologist's work.
Q:
__________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.
A. Subcultures
B. Globalization
C. Diffusion
D. Hypodescent
E. Pidgins
Q:
Anthropologists consider __________ to be "cultured."
A. educated people
B. key cultural consultants
C. ethnocentric people
D. culturally sensitive people
E. all people
Q:
__________ is responsible for pidgin English.
A. Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Migration
E. Diffusion
Q:
__________ refers to the process by which humans innovate to creatively find solutions to problems.
A. Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Globalization
E. Diffusion
Q:
Humans do not share such features as __________ with other primates.
A. opposable thumbs
B. enlarged brain-to-body ratio
C. depth perception
D. parental investment in offspring
E. habitual bipedalism
Q:
Humans do not share such features as __________ with chimpanzees.
A. tool use
B. meat eating
C. stereoscopic vision
D. high intelligence
E. visible estrus
Q:
Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that
A. chimps are habitual hunters.
B. male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C. chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D. while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E. chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.
Q:
__________ is unique to humans.
A. Social life
B. Tool use
C. Meat eating
D. Food sharing
E. Preserved kinship systems
Q:
Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute. Then, provide examples of each attribute.
Q:
The media help propel a transnational culture of __________, as they spread information about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.
A. conflict
B. tolerance
C. invention
D. electronic communication
E. consumerism
Q:
The emergence of agriculture in of the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of
A. acculturation.
B. enculturation.
C. independent invention.
D. colonization.
E. diffusion.
Q:
What people say they do or should do is
A. imagined culture.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. agency.
D. ideal culture.
E. verbal culture.
Q:
_________ is a cultural universal.
A. Hypodescent
B. Hyperdescent
C. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies
D. Transhumance
E. Some kind of family
Q:
Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture
A. by that culture's standards.
B. in terms of your own culture and values.
C. by government standards.
D. by the universal moral code that we all follow.
E. through rose-colored glasses.
Q:
__________ are cultural particularities.
A. Features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B. Features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C. Different levels of culture
D. The most general aspect of culture patterns
E. Cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "all human groups have culture"
B. "culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs"
C. "human groups differ in their capacities for culture"
D. "the capacity for culture is shared by all humans"
E. "cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans"
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "culture is a distinctive possession of humanity"
B. "culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation"
C. "culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations"
D. "everyone is cultured"
E. "culture is transmitted genetically"
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures"
B. "cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others"
C. "cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures"
D. "cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other"
E. "cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole"
Q:
Cultural rights different from human rights in that
A. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.
Q:
__________ is a cultural generality.
A. Life in groups
B. The use of fire
C. Incest taboo
D. Use of symbols
E. Nuclear family
Q:
__________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another.
A. Forced
B. Direct
C. Indirect
D. Enculturated
E. Bilateral
Q:
__________ describes the cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Enculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Colonization
E. Imperialism
Q:
____________ defines processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.
A. Acculturation
B. Diffusion
C. Globalization
D. Enculturation
E. Independent invention
Q:
__________ defines a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies.
A. Morpheme
B. Lexicon
C. Phoneme
D. Symbol
E. Collateral
Q:
Cultural relativism is
A. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols.
B. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.
C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans.
D. the opposite of participant observation.
E. the same thing as ethnocentrism.
Q:
Ethnology is the process of living with a culture for a long time to describe that one culture fully.
Q:
Humans use both biological and cultural means to adapt to new environments.
Q:
The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
Q:
The experience of hyperventilation upon reaching a high altitude environment illustrates a long-term physiological adaptation to high altitude.
Q:
Culture is not itself biological, but it rests on certain features of human biology.
Q:
Individuals do not learn culture through
A. genetic transmission.
B. unconscious acquisition.
C. through observation.
D. through direct instruction.
E. conscious acquisition.
Q:
The process by which children learn culture is
A. acculturation.
B. cultural transmission.
C. enculturation.
D. ethno absorption.
E. diffusion.
Q:
__________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live.
A. Cultural relativism
B. Experimental anthropology
C. Interpretive anthropology
D. Neoevolutionism
E. Practice theory
Q:
__________ is an example of civic culture.
A. Television shows
B. The government
C. McDonald's
D. An unspoken dress codes for funerals
E. A musical performance at the city civic center
Q:
Shared culture means that culture is
A. an attribute of particular individuals.
B. an attribute of individuals as members of their groups.
C. what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D. universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E. imposed by more than one person.
Q:
Anthropologists use the term society to refer to customs and traditions passed from generation to generation through learning.
Q:
Academic anthropology refers to the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to identify and solve social problems.
Q:
The study of material remains like potsherds, buildings, ships, and garbage falls under the subdiscipline of archaeological anthropology.
Q:
The origin of American anthropology traces to an interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans.
Q:
Name the various kinds of work applied anthropologists pursue. Provide one example for each subfield. Discuss the aspects of anthropology that make it uniquely valuable in application to social problems.
Q:
Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as you are diligent in your work.
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other.