Q&A Hero

Q: Name the various kinds of work applied anthropologists pursue. Provide one example for each subfield. Discuss the aspects of anthropology that make it uniquely valuable in application to social problems.

Q: The study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation is A. historic linguistics. B. applied linguistics. C. cultural resource management. D. adaptation. E. sociolinguistics.

Q: The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is A. applied anthropology. B. economic anthropology. C. conceptual anthropology. D. sociobiology. E. participant observation.

Q: Cultural resource management is an example of applied A. ethnology. B. biological anthropology. C. archaeology. D. linguistic anthropology. E. ethnography.

Q: Anthropology is a holistic discipline because it A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies. B. deals with human culture. C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity. D. now focuses on industrial societies. E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.

Q: If an anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka, s/he is most likely a(n) A. cultural anthropologist. B. linguistic anthropologist. C. paleoanthropologist. D. archaeological anthropologist. E. biological anthropologist.

Q: Identify the themes and interests that unify the subdisciplines of American anthropology. Your answer should refer to historical reasons for the unity of anthropology in the United States.

Q: Define ethnography and ethnology. Discuss the importance of each, as well as their relationship in the field of anthropology.

Q: Identify the four subdisciplines of anthropology. Define each subdiscipline and give one example of something each might study.

Q: Discuss ways that culture can change the growth and development of an individual's physical body. Include at least one example.

Q: List and describe at least three types of remains that archaeologists could study. Discuss what archaeologists could learn from each type.

Q: A scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution is a(n) A. paleoanthropologist. B. archaeologist. C. ethnologist. D. treasure hunter. E. primatologist.

Q: President Barack Obama's mother, Dr. Ann Dunham, was a(n) A. primatologist. B. cultural and applied anthropologist. C. biological anthropologist. D. medical anthropologist. E. archaeologist.

Q: Four-field anthropology does not claim __________ as a distinctive feature. A. holistic approach B. broad cross-cultural comparison C. the study of human biology, culture, and language D. that it is a science and a humanity E. an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures

Q: Biological anthropologists study all of the following except A. ancient languages. B. human biological plasticity. C. primates. D. human evolution. E. human genetics.

Q: The study of interactions among past living things in a past environment is A. paleoanthropology. B. paleoecology. C. garbology. D. social archaeology. E. adaptive anthropology.

Q: The statement, ____________, is not true. A. "anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in time and space" B. "anthropology studies the whole of the human condition" C. "anthropologists focus in part on the diversity that arises through human adaptability" D. "anthropology's biocultural approach entails finding evolutionary explanations for all human behaviors" E. "anthropology offers a comparative, cross-cultural perspective to the study of the human condition"

Q: The statement, __________, is a distinction between culture and society. A. "culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people" B. "people share society with other animals, but culture is distinctly human" C. "culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning" D. "people attain culture through international travel but society is the social environment of their native land" E. "society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does"

Q: __________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses. A. Ethnology B. Ethnography C. Cultural resource management D. Adaptation E. Phenotype

Q: The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation. B. long-term physiological adaptation. C. short-term physiological adaptation. D. cultural adaptation. E. archaeological adaptation.

Q: The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude provides an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation. B. long-term physiological adaptation. C. short-term physiological adaptation. D. cultural adaptation. E. archaeological adaptation.

Q: A systematic field of study that uses experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena is A. culture. B. religion. C. humanities. D. science. E. folklore.

Q: The question, ___________, was important in the origins of American anthropology. A. "How are the Neanderthals related to us" B. "Where did Native Americans come from" C. "When and where did food production first begin" D. "How much beer do people in Arizona drink today" E. "Where do ideals of attractiveness come from"

Q: A biocultural perspective is ___________. A. the notion that humans no longer rely on biological adaptation. B. the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches. C. using the fact that culture is completely dominant over biological change. D. synonymous with scientific research. E. the idea that girls should be gymnasts and boys should play football.

Q: Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment or solve a particular issue or problem. B. is the reason it has traditionally studied nonindustrialized societies. C. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists. D. is a product of the participant observation approach. E. places it in the humanities.

Q: __________ is least likely to send female swimmers to the Olympics. A. The United States B. Germany C. The Netherlands D. Norway E. Brazil

Q: Ethnology is A. the study of human speech sounds. B. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. C. the most important subfield of anthropology. D. the study of ancient ethnic groups. E. a synonym for ethnography.

Q: Rathje's garbology project A. studies the stratification of landfills. B. is archaeology of modern people. C. answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find. D. is a study of potsherds. E. was conducted in ancient Egypt.

Q: The four main subdisciplines of anthropology consist of A. medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology. B. archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology. C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology. D. genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, linguistic anthropology. E. primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleopathology.

Q: Ethnography is A. the firsthand, personal study of local settings. B. the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. C. the study of interrelationships among all living things in an environment. D. a policy aimed at removing groups that are culturally different from a country. E. the cross-cultural comparison of cultural data.

Q: What are the major characteristics that distinguish the Neolithic from the Mesolithic in Western Europe?

Q: What are the major trends in the development of Europe from the Neolithic through the Iron Age?

Q: Maiden Castle was A. a Bronze Age stronghold. B. a Neolithic monument. C. an Iron Age hillfort. D. a nunnery.

Q: Maiden Castle is located in A. southern England. B. northern Belgium. C. eastern Ireland. D. western Scotland.

Q: The bog people are known from A. the Neolithic of Yugoslavia. B. the Iron Age of northern Europe. C. early films. D. Minoan legends.

Q: A passage grave is A. beehive-shaped. B. a Mycenaean elite tomb. C. a Bronze Age burial. D. a Neolithic tomb.

Q: The palace of Knossos contains evidence of all of the following except A. monumental architecture. B. substantial storage. C. mural art. D. ceremonial ball games.

Q: Present evidence suggests the collapse of the Minoan state was caused by A. volcanic eruptions on Thera. B. Mycenaean conquest. C. plague or disease. D. cultural evolution.

Q: Differences between Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations included A. absence of writing systems in Mycenae. B. palaces versus citadels. C. Bronze Age versus Iron Age. D. Second Millennium versus First Millennium B.C.

Q: The shaft graves at Mycenae were opened by A. Arthur Evans. B. Heinrich Schliemann. C. Louis Leakey. D. V. Gordon Childe.

Q: Characteristics of the Mycenaean state include all of the following except A. a powerful priestly caste B. a writing system. C. monumental architecture. D. stratified society.

Q: The site of Mycenae is located in A. mainland Greece. B. eastern Crete. C. the Aegean islands. D. southern Italy.

Q: The term "cyclopean" describes the massive ______ at Mycenaean sites. A. walls B. tombs C. temples D. houses

Q: The primary reason for the success of the Minoan civilization was its A. control of the eastern Mediterranean. B. innovative weapons. C. larger average body size. D. substantial gold deposits not far from citadels.

Q: Major powers in the Bronze Age Aegean included A. Mycenae B. Natufians C. Romans D. Celts

Q: The center of the Minoan state was at A. Knossos. B. Phaistos. C. Tyros. D. Mallia.

Q: The Narmer tablet discovered at Hierakonpolis depicts the exploits of King Narmer who A. united Upper and Lower Egypt. B. built the Sphinx. C. was the leader of the Hyksos. D. built the Great Pyramid.

Q: Franchthi Cave is located A. on the Danube River in Romania. B. on the coast of Greece. C. in southern England. D. on the west coast of Turkey.

Q: The evidence from Franchthi Cave suggests that A. the area was unoccupied prior to the arrival of Neolithic farmers. B. the Mycenaean civilization began very early in this area. C. the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic was gradual. D. early pottery in Europe dates to approximately 10,000 years ago.

Q: _______ from the island of Melos indicates that Mesolithic people at Franchthi were seafarers. A. Obsidian B. Tuna C. Pottery D. Flint

Q: Franchthi Cave is important because A. it contains early evidence of the transition to agriculture in Europe. B. evidence from the animal bones indicates a shift toward more plants in the diet. C. it contains evidence of early pottery manufacture. D. it documents the domestication of tuna.

Q: Menhirs are A. single standing stones from Neolithic Europe. B. large stone graves in Neolithic France. C. flint tools used for engraving. D. examples of early ships.

Q: The site of Borum Eshj is located in A. Denmark. B. Germany. C. England. D. Hungary.

Q: Barrows, such as those at Borum Eshj, are A. Iron Age houses. B. Bronze Age farms. C. Neolithic settlements. D. Bronze Age burial mounds.

Q: The Bronze Age barrows contain A. the graves of elite individuals. B. refuse and midden material. C. time capsules, preserved for thousands of years. D. metallurgical equipment.

Q: The Bronze Age in Europe was characterized by all of the following except A. long distance trade of valuable materials. B. the first appearance of democracy. C. burials of elite individuals. D. construction of monumental structures.

Q: _______ was not among the most important centers of Bronze Age Europe. A. Czechoslovakia. B. Denmark. C. England. D. Spain. E. Greece.

Q: Describe and evaluate Denise Schmandt-Besserat's model for the beginnings of writing in Mesopotamia.

Q: Discuss how the study of diet and nutrition can provide information on societal differentiation. Use examples to illustrate your arguments.

Q: Compare and contrast the different strategies that leaders used to legitimate their positions of power in two Old World states.

Q: The Angkor state arose along a tributary of the _____ River. A. Mekong B. Nile C. Euphrates D. Niger

Q: Which of these civilizations is NOT known for its lavish funerary rituals? A. Ur B. Qin C. Old Kindgom Egypt D. Angkor E. Harappan

Q: Great Zimbabwe is NOT associated with A. a diverse array of trade goods. B. massive stone structures and enclosures. C. the use of Egyptian script. D. skilled metalwork.

Q: Which of the following were important in the rise of Great Zimbabwe? A. its seizure of the gold trade and control of exchange routes to the east African coast B. military defeats of its nearest rivals C. surplus production of agricultural resources D. it's diplomatic alliance with the pharaohs of Egypt

Q: The economy at Angkor was based on surplus ____ agriculture. A. rice B. maize C. millet D. wheat E. sorghum

Q: Recent anthropological findings suggest that hunters and gatherers have ___ leisure time than (as) farmers. A. more B. slightly less C. much less D. the same amount of

Q: Ester Boserup has argued that __________ spurs technological change and increased food production. A. population pressure B. political change C. population decline D. warfare

Q: The argument that expanded food supply makes population growth possible is most closely associated with A. Thomas Malthus. B. Ester Boserup. C. Karl Wittfogel. D. Marshall Sahlins.

Q: Kingship at which of the following centers was most similar to that of the Classic Maya in Mesoamerica? A. Angkor B. Harappa C. Eridu D. Jenn-jeno E. Great Zimbabwe

Q: The earliest large state in southern Africa was A. Great Zimbabwe. B. Mapungubwe. C. Jenn-jeno. D. Bambandyanalo. E. Hierakonpolis.

Q: Bullae are A. large storage facilities that were associated with temples. B. supernatural Egyptian creatures that are part bull and part human. C. hollow clay spheres. D. geometrically shaped clay tokens. E. Mesopotamian tombs.

Q: Mesopotamian cuneiform has its roots in a system of clay tokens that dates back to A. the Upper Paleolithic. B. the ninth millennium B.C. C. the fourth millennium B.C. D. 1500 B.C.

Q: The Harappan civilization was characterized by all of the following except A. a written script found on soapstone seals. B. a standardized system of weights. C. planned settlements with streets and drains. D. highly developed craft industries. E. beautifully colored murals depicting scenes of harvest and worship.

Q: Compared to ancient Mesopotamia, Indus civilization was characterized by A. many more urban centers. B. lavish centers. C. more developed writing system with longer and more numerous texts. D. a somewhat more even distribution of portable resources across social strata.

Q: Which of the following characteristics of modern India does NOT have roots back to the Harappan civilization? A. ceremonial bathing B. the use of decorative bangles C. the drinking of tea D. crossed-leg posture

Q: Hierakonpolis is located A. in the Nile River valley. B. in the Indus Valley. C. on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. D. on the Yellow River.

Q: The Narmer palette records A. the conquest of Sumer. B. the exodus of Moses. C. the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. D. the conquest of Nubia.

Q: Early Egyptian writing tended to be concerned with A. economic transactions. B. political/dynastic events. C. divination. D. architectural planning.

Q: Compared to Mesopotamia, ancient Egyptian society A. was more urban (more and larger cities). B. had fewer major centers. C. had a writing system more focused on economy and accounting. D. had little concern with funerary ritual.

Q: Compared to Mesoamerica, pyramids in Old Kingdom Egypt were NOT A. constructed in fewer building episodes. B. meant to be ascended. C. larger. D. used as royal tombs.