Q&A Hero

Q: If an archaeologist wishes to study community plans, he/she should A. excavate many small and deep test pits. B. cross-section a site with two narrow test trenches. C. excavate a broad horizontal area that exposes features. D. limit the excavations to tombs and burials.

Q: One of the first North American archaeologists was A. Robert Hall. B. Hernando de Soto. C. Thomas Jefferson. D. A. E. Douglass.

Q: The annual exchange of holiday presents between two friends is an example of A. redistribution. B. marketing. C. potlatch. D. reciprocity.

Q: By definition, redistribution includes A. a central "nodal" figure or chief. B. pastoral herders. C. a market. D. a state bureaucracy.

Q: The Mound 72 excavations at Cahokia revealed A. the burial of a monk from the early historic period. B. the burial of an individual laid out on a litter of shell beads. C. caches of Southern Cult objects. D. the largest prehistoric structure north of Mexico.

Q: The largest prehistoric structure built north of Mexico is located at A. Snaketown. B. Cahokia. C. Moundville. D. Etowah. E. The Hopewell site.

Q: Early Hopewell platform pipes were made generally in the shape of a(n) A. atlatl, or spearthrower. B. bow. C. arrow. D. knife.

Q: Which of the following is not matched appropriately? A. pithousesSnaketown B. longhousesthe Draper site C. pueblosChaco Canyon D. kivasMoundville

Q: The largest prehispanic structure north of Mexico, situated at Cahokia, is called A. Monks Mound. B. Mound 72. C. The Great Kiva. D. Pueblo Bonito.

Q: Maize was not a key food source at A. Ozette. B. Moundville. C. Chaco Canyon. D. Cahokia.

Q: The earliest permanent dwellings in the American Southwest were A. pueblos. B. rectangular brick dwellings. C. pithouses. D. teepees.

Q: In prehistoric North America, which of the following was NOT a variety of nonresidential construction? A. communal bath house B. platform mound C. kiva D. effigy mound

Q: Wet-site excavation techniques were employed at A. Ozette. B. Snaketown. C. Chaco Canyon. D. Poverty Point.

Q: The following would NOT be found in a Hopewell burial: A. fluted points B. copper celts and earspools C. carved stone platform pipes D. obsidian ceremonial blades

Q: In the Archaic period of eastern North America, large-scale earthen construction has been found at A. Cahokia. B. Snaketown. C. Poverty Point. D. Moundville.

Q: At Moundville, ceremonial structures were primarily A. stone-faced pyramid mounds. B. flat-topped earthen mounds. C. cut-stone circular structures. D. pyramids made of stone blocks.

Q: The principal form of residential architecture at the Draper site were A. longhouses. B. semisubterranean pithouses. C. singular family rectangular structures. D. multiroom pueblos.

Q: Which of the following is an ascribed status? A. Queen of England B. President of the United States C. Archaeology professor D. Prime Minister of Canada E. Starting quarterback in the Super Bowl

Q: Which of the following could best be considered an achieved status? A. age B. sex C. birth order D. profession

Q: Social status differentiation can be determined from burials through the analysis of all of the following except A. grave offerings. B. burial treatment and context (location of burials). C. biochemical analysis of skeletal materials. D. burial's orientation toward the east (rising sun)

Q: Subterranean, circular ceremonial structures found at both ancient and contemporary Pueblo sites are called A. pueblos. B. charnel houses. C. pit houses. D. kivas.

Q: Reciprocity and redistribution are both modes of A. ritual behavior. B. production. C. information gathering. D. exchange.

Q: Objects placed in Mississippi burials suggest A. that long-distance trade was rare, unlike in Hopewell. B. a shortage of garbage disposal areas. C. that warfare was the primary cause of death among Mississippians. D. status differences in the society.

Q: Mound 72 at Cahokia A. marked the north/south center axis of Cahokia and contained at least six separate burial episodes. B. was a charnel house located in a high-status residential area. C. was a linear "ridgetop marker" mound that marked the edge of the site. D. is the number designation for Monk's Mound.

Q: A probable date for this site would be A. 25,000 B.C. B. 9000 B.C. C. 7000 B.C. D. 2000 B.C.

Q: Compare and contrast the origins of agriculture in Southwest Asia and Mesoamerica.

Q: Describe three cradles of domestication and discuss the kinds of plants and animals involved and the dates for the first domesticates in each area.

Q: If you had enough time, money, and energy for three field seasons of excavation to learn about the origins of agriculture, where would you work, what would you look for, and how would you do it?

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of the domestication of plants and animals? A. It began during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene. B. It happened simultaneously in the Old and New Worlds. C. It occurred independently in a number of areas. D. It appears to have occurred first in Southwest Asia

Q: Which of the following is NOT a theoretical model proposed to account for the origins of food production? A. Marginal Zone Hypothesis B. Multi-dimensional Hypothesis C. Oasis Theory D. Hilly Flanks or Natural Habitat Theory

Q: The site is located in A. Europe. B. Africa. C. Asia. D. Mesoamerica.

Q: Evidence from the animal bones suggests that the sheep were A. hunted like the rest of the animal species. B. scavenged. C. traded. D. herded.

Q: Evidence that this is a fairly permanent settlement comes from A. the presence of the cemetery. B. the evidence of hunting. C. the presence of artworks. D. the association of the bone tools with charcoal.

Q: Sedentism preceded plant domestication in which area? A. The Levant B. Highland South America C. Highland Mesoamerica D. Japan

Q: The site of Mehrgarh in Pakistan has evidence for the use of wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and A. llamas. B. cattle. C. camels. D. horses.

Q: The earliest domesticated plants now known come from A. Tehuacn. B. Khok Phanom Di. C. Catalhyk. D. Abu Hureyra.

Q: Catalhyk, perhaps the first city, contains evidence for all of the following except A. obsidian trade. B. human burial. C. pottery. D. bronze toolmaking.

Q: At Guil Naquitz key food resources included all of the following except A. acorns. B. maguey hearts. C. rabbit. D. blue oysters.

Q: Compared to Upper Paleolithic sites, ________ were particularly abundant at Ain Mallaha. A. obsidian figurines B. camel bones C. storage pits D. wheel-thrown pots

Q: Domestication in the Americas A. involved the domestication of many animal species. B. occurred later than the earliest Old World domestication. C. was dependent on the use of canal irrigation. D. never truly happened.

Q: Which of the following prehistoric cultigens is NOT matched correctly with its geographical area? A. Japanmillet B. Highland Mexicomaize C. Southwest Asiawheat D. Highland South Americapotato

Q: Which of the following prehistoric cultigens is NOT correctly matched with its original place of domestication? A. Irelandpotato B. Southwest Asiabarley C. Andean South Americalima beans D. Mesoamericasquash

Q: Which of the following was NOT originally domesticated in the Americas? A. maize B. beans C. potato D. turkey E. cattle

Q: Which of the following was NOT originally domesticated in the Old World? A. barley B. millet C. turkey D. rice E. goat

Q: Which of the following was NOT domesticated in the Americas? A. llamas B. maize C. lentils D. potatoes

Q: Which of the following was NOT first domesticated in Southwest Asia? A. barley B. beans C. wheat D. pigs E. goats

Q: Which of the following was NOT domesticated in the Americas? A. beans B. squash C. manioc D. barley E. maize

Q: Which of the following is a true statement of differences between the food-producing traditions of Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica? A. Domesticated animals played a greater role in Mesopotamia than in Mesoamerica. B. Mesopotamians depended on maize as their major crop. C. Agriculture occurred thousands of years earlier in Mesoamerica. D. Goats were a key domesticated resource in Mesoamerica.

Q: The only pack animal domesticated in the Americas was the A. horse. B. ox. C. donkey. D. llama.

Q: At Non Nok Tha metal objects were made of A. bronze and iron. B. gold and silver. C. steel and aluminum. D. copper and tin.

Q: Which of the following archaeologists investigated early agriculture in the Tehuacn Valley? A. Richard MacNeish B. Charles Higham C. Robert Braidwood D. Kathleen Kenyon E. Chester Gorman

Q: Wheat and barley were first domesticated in a region that extends from A. Egypt to Greece. B. India to China. C. Israel to Iran. D. China to Southeast Asia.

Q: The following individual has NOT used population growth in theories about the Neolithic Revolution: A. Mark Cohen. B. Kent Flannery. C. Robert Brain. D. Lewis Binford.

Q: A key domesticated animal at Mehrgarh after 6000 B.C. was the A. gazelle. B. elephant. C. horse. D. cow.

Q: The world's earliest ceramic vessels were probably made in A. Southwest Asia. B. Mesoamerica. C. Japan. D. Ecuador. E. Southeast Asia.

Q: The key early domesticates at Ban-po-ts'un were A. wheat and goats. B. corn and guinea pigs. C. grapes and cattle. D. millet and pigs.

Q: Khok Phanom Di is now located in A. North China. B. Thailand. C. India. D. South China.

Q: "Tells" are A. fossilized Neolithic wheat fields. B. high mounds that accumulate from thousands of years of human garbage and debris, often found in Southwest Asia. C. beehive-shaped Natufian huts found in the Levant. D. communal stone tombs found in Europe dating to the fifth millennium B.C.

Q: One of the advantages of plant and animal domestication is A. an increase in leisure time. B. variety in the diet. C. an increase in the amount of food produced per unit area. D. increased chances for social contact with neighboring groups. E. decreased incidence of diarrhea.

Q: Which of the following plants is NOT part of the basic triad of Mesoamerican plant food staples? A. chili pepper B. squash C. beans D. maize

Q: The site of Ain Mallaha' in the Levant A. provides the best evidence we have yet for Neanderthal ritual. B. is the earliest example of a shell midden anywhere in the world. C. was a Neolithic town. D. was a permanent settlement directly preceding the earliest farming period. E. has been shown to be nothing more than a carnivore kill.

Q: Rice has NOT been found at which of the following sites in Southeast Asia? A. Spirit Cave B. Khok Phanom Di C. Ban Chiang D. Non Nok Tha

Q: The earliest cultivation of rice in Asia appears to have occurred in A. North China. B. South China. C. Thailand. D. Cambodia.

Q: Teosinte is thought to be the most likely candidate for which of the following domesticates? A. wheat B. corn C. sunflower D. chili pepper E. barley

Q: Richard S. MacNeish led an interdisciplinary team to investigate the origins of agriculture of Mesoamerica in A. the Tehuacn Valley. B. the Vir Valley. C. the Teotihuacn Valley. D. the Valley of Oaxaca.

Q: Natufian sites are NOT characterized by A. sickle blades. B. permanent settlements. C. use of wild wheat and barley. D. two different kinds of burials

Q: Marginal (Edge) Zone, Oasis, and Natural Habitat are A. varieties of environment at Olduvai. B. hypotheses about the origins of agriculture. C. locations where Homo erectus bands hunted large mammals. D. the three different regions in which Mesolithic cultures flourished.

Q: The long-term process that results in the loss of fitness for a species to survive without the assistance of humans is called A. sedentism. B. domestication. C. mutation. D. adaptation.

Q: Two key Neolithic sites in China are A. Khok Phanom Di and Non Nok Tha. B. Guil Naquitz and Jarmo. C. Ban-po-ts'un and Ho-mu-tu. D. Shang and Zhou.

Q: Jericho is A. a site in the Levant that fits the Oasis Theory. B. the focus of Robert Braidwood's research on the origins of pottery production. C. a site with evidence for early rice and millet domestication. D. no longer occupied.

Q: Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in a Mesolithic site in southern Scandinavia? A. cemetery areas B. the bones of sea animals C. flint blades and cores D. ceramic vessels E. carbonized cereals

Q: The term hunter-gatherer is commonly used in anthropology and archaeology. What does it mean? Define hunter-gatherer and give some examples.

Q: Compare the European Mesolithic and the North American Archaic in terms of human settlement and subsistence.

Q: Gatecliff Shelter required many years of excavation and analysis. Describe the site and discuss what was learned there.

Q: The Holocene in South Africa is represented by the remains found at Elands Bay Cave and De Hangen. Describe these sites and the information they provide about human groups in this area.

Q: Elands Bay Cave contains evidence for A. the intensive use of insects for food. B. human adaptation during the Holocene in South Africa. C. numerous Stone Age burials. D. the earliest shellfish eating in the world.

Q: Elands Bay Cave is located A. on the Gulf Coast of Florida. B. on a small island in the Mediterranean. C. near the modern town of Jericho. D. on the west coast of South Africa.

Q: The Black Earth site at Carrier Mills does NOT A. reside in the Midwestern U.S. B. contain numerous burials. C. display early evidence of slave labor in construction. D. date to about 6000 B.C.

Q: Carrier Mills is located in A. Central Europe. B. southern England. C. southern Illinois. D. Washington State.

Q: The Mesolithic and the __________ are similar in age. A. late Paleolithic B. formative C. Archaic D. early Neolithic