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Anthropology
Q:
Polyandrous residence patterns
a. represent a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females.
b. are commonly observed in prosimians and Old World monkeys.
c. represent a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities.
d. represent a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.
Q:
A group of primates at the local zoo includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring. It is possible that this group
a. represents a polyandrous residence pattern.
b. is a group of howler monkeys.
c. is likely a group of chimpanzees.
d. none of the above.
Q:
All-male groups of nonhuman primates
a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups.
b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.
c. are often temporary, before males form their own groups.
d. both b and c.
Q:
Which of the following are examples of primate residence strategies?
a. one-male, multifemale; all-male; solitary
b. one-female, multimale; one-male, multifemale; one-male, one-female
c. one-male, multifemale; multimale, multifemale; solitary
d. all of the above
Q:
In your primate anatomy lab, you are asked to observe the skulls of a male and a female baboon. After examining each skull and making notes about the large difference in canine size, you conclude that
a. differences in canine size are related to differences in feeding strategy and males' preference for animal protein.
b. male baboons are likely to compete regularly for resources, including access to females.
c. male baboons of this species disperse from their natal groups and are less likely to be related.
d. both b and c.
Q:
Natural selection favors primate behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction. Which of the following behaviors observed in primates directly enhances fitness?
a. infanticide
b. the development of long-term relationships
c. grooming
d. none of the above
Q:
When observing primates at the zoo, you notice a male and female gibbon quite similar in size, unlike what you previously saw in the hamadryas baboon enclosure. You know that
a. the lack of sexual dimorphism you see is due to the polygamous social structure observed in gibbons.
b. the lack of sexual dimorphism is the result of unequal access to resources within their environment.
c. the lack of sexual dimorphism you see is due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure.
d. the lack of sexual dimorphism in gibbons is not related to social structure.
Q:
Primate societies are considered to show diversity in all of the following features except
a. their reliance on a mother-infant bond for social learning.
b. their ability to express themselves through a range of behaviors.
c. the complexity of organization observed in rank, age, sex, etc.
d. their reliance upon various long-term social relationships.
Q:
Jane Goodall's observations of chimpanzee behavior in the wild documented all of the following except
a. chimpanzees using stripped sticks to access termites.
b. chimpanzees regularly hunting in groups.
c. chimpanzees using spears to hunt for small primates.
d. chimpanzees using leaves as sponges to access rainwater in tree crevices.
Q:
Nocturnal primates communicate througha. complex facial expressions. b. agonistic dominance interactions. c. vocalizations.d. gestures.
Q:
Examples of culture include all of the following except
a. group-specific vocalization patterns.
b. handclasp grooming in chimpanzees.
c. Koko the gorilla recognizing herself in the mirror.
d. chimpanzees using spears to skewer prosimians.
Q:
Variability in female primate reproduction is usually related to
a. variation in access to high-protein, easily digestible food.
b. access to males.
c. dominance rank.
d. both a and c.
Q:
Altruistic behaviors include all of the following excepta. antipredator warning calls.b. grooming. c. dominance behavior.d. food sharing.
Q:
Anthropologist Sarah Hrdy has suggested that infanticide
a. is likely pathological.
b. may be an evolved reproductive strategy.
c. is never contested by females.
d. does not occur in primates.
Q:
Monogamy is characteristic ofa. baboons. b. gibbons. c. orangutans.d. chimpanzees.
Q:
Polygynous societies
a. are groups where females have more than one partner.
b. are groups where males have more than one partner.
c. are rare in primate societies.
d. both a and c.
Q:
Sexual dimorphism in canine sizea. is greater in societies where males compete.b. is reduced in societies where males compete.c. is greater when males live with relatives.d. both b and c.
Q:
All of the anthropoids live in social groups excepta. tamarins. b. gibbons. c. howler monkeys.d. orangutans.
Q:
Jane Goodall was the first to document
a. the use of stick tools by chimpanzees.
b. predatory behavior of chimpanzees.
c. the enduring nature of the mother-offspring bond in chimpanzees.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Chimpanzee material culture dates to
a. 4,000"5,000 yBP.
b. 10,000"12,000 yBP.
c. 50,000"60,000 yBP.
d. chimpanzees do not have material culture.
Q:
What trait makes humans unique?
a. They are the only primates known to use material culture to access food resources.
b. They are the only primates known to depend on material culture for survival.
c. They are the only primates known to use nonverbal communications.
d. They are the only primates known to live in social groups.
Q:
Altruistic behavior occurs under which of the following circumstances?
a. when both individuals benefit from the behavior
b. when the benefit to one individual outweighs the risk to the other
c. when the risk to the group is low
d. when the risk to the group is high
Q:
Sexual dimorphism in body size is greater in societies where
a. females compete for access to males.
b. males compete for access to females.
c. there is a monogamous mating pattern.
d. males do not compete for access to females.
Q:
Solitary primates and those in small groups suffer higher rates of predation by what predator compared to those living in large groups?a. large reptiles b. large cats c. eaglesd. snakes
Q:
In nonhuman primates, grooming relationships serve
a. as an aggressive behavior.
b. as a hygienic practice.
c. to find lunch.
d. to reinforce social structures and cement social bonds.
Q:
In response to changes in food supply, some primate groups
a. send the older males outside of the group.
b. adjust the size of the group.
c. change their migration patterns.
d. send the younger males outside of the group.
Q:
Primates spend
a. much of their time foraging for food.
b. spend less than 25% of their day foraging for food.
c. spend a minimal amount of their time foraging for food.
d. only forage for food during the rainy season.
Q:
Discuss at least three features of the skeleton that differ between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.
Q:
Compare and contrast both the anatomy and the special senses of prosimians and anthropoids.
Q:
Describe distinctive features of primate parenting relative to that of other mammals.
Q:
Describe similarities and differences in diet and dentition among prosimians, Old World monkeys, and apes.
Q:
Discuss anatomical characteristics that relate to primates' arboreal adaptation.
Q:
Preadaptation is
a. the series of small adaptations that precedes the more observable adaptation.
b. the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
c. the use of an anatomical feature in the way it was originally intended.
d. none of the above.
Q:
The initial lack of opposability of the hallux in humans is most likely the result of
a. the need to use the hallux in terrestrial movement.
b. the transition to bipedalism.
c. the use of shoes.
d. both a and b.
Q:
A finger pad with primitive dermal ridges most likely belongs to which of the following?
a. only humans
b. pottos, lories, and other similar species
c. Old World monkeys, which rely heavily on precision-grip foraging
d. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following were identified by Sir William le Gros Clark as tendencies of primates?a. the presence of arboreal adaptations b. increased parental investment c. the presence of dietary plasticityd. all of the above
Q:
A feature unique only to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth isa. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface.c. the Y-5 cusp pattern.d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.
Q:
Baboonsa. have highly dexterous fingers.b. live in habitats similar to early hominids.c. may give anthropologists a glimpse into early human behavior.d. all of the above.
Q:
Tarsiers are unique among prosimians because theya. are diurnal. b. are vertical clingers and leapers. c. have a fovea.d. have a prehensile tail.
Q:
The increased brain size observed in the order Primatesa. results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.b. results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.c. demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.d. both a and c.
Q:
Relative to body size, primate brain size
a. is proportional to human brain size.
b. is more or less the same in large and small primates.
c. is smaller than in other large mammals.
d. is larger among humans than among other primates.
Q:
The presence of a honing complex relates toa. molar size. b. canine size. c. diet.d. human reproduction.
Q:
The Y-5 molar morphology is present ina. colobus monkeys. b. chimpanzees. c. lemurs.d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The rhinarium is present ina. baboons. b. gorillas. c. ring-tailed lemurs.d. howler monkeys.
Q:
The typical catarrhine dental formula isa. 1 / 1 / 2 / 3. b. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3. c. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.d. 3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs isa. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3. b. 1 / 1 / 3 / 3. c. 2 / 1 / 3 / 2.d. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
Q:
A skull with a foramen magnum located on the back, which positions the skull in front of the body, belongs to
a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d. none of the above (this trait is only observed in prosimians).
Q:
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely
a. an Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
b. a lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
c. a New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
d. a New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
Q:
Which of the following prosimians spend considerable amounts of time on the ground?a. lorises b. bushbabies c. ring-tailed lemursd. tarsiers
Q:
In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jaw bone) of a species of primate. While looking at the teeth, you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar. In your lab book you note
a. that this is likely the lower jaw of a human due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b. that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
c. that this is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
d. that this may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
Q:
In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that
a. this primate shows a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell as this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
b. this is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
c. this primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates still relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
d. none of the above.
Q:
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that
a. the researchers are relying on genetic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
b. the researchers are relying on anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
c. the researchers are relying on genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term "hominid" to describe human ancestors.
d. both b and c.
Q:
Humans are the only primates who lack a sectorial complex on the premolar. This is an example of
a. a primitive trait, because it is present in multiple species of a group.
b. a primitive trait, because it is present in only one or few species of a group.
c. a derived trait, because it is present in multiple species of a group.
d. a derived trait, because it is present in only one or few species of a group.
Q:
Primate females invest more in their offspring
a. due to the relative high level of intelligence in primates.
b. because of giving birth to few offspring at a time.
c. due to the environmental constraints placed on primates.
d. none of the above.
Q:
The suborder Prosimians includesa. New World and Old World monkeys. b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers. c. great apes and lesser apes.d. lemurs, lorises, and galagos.
Q:
Colobine primates
a. are mostly frugivorous.
b. are usually terrestrial.
c. have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
d. are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.
Q:
Prehensile tailsa. are present in catarrhine primates. b. are present in most primates. c. are present only in some platyrrhines.d. none of the above.
Q:
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that theya. have more teeth. b. have better color vision. c. are less dimorphic sexually.d. none of the above.
Q:
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. larger brains.
c. reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Q:
The genetic classification for apes and humans
a. includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
b. uses the term "hominid" to describe only humans and their ancestors.
c. divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Anthropoids includea. monkeys, apes, and humans. b. African and Asian apes. c. tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.d. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
Q:
The suborder Prosimians includesa. galagos and lorises only b. tarsiers and lemurs only. c. galagos and lemurs only.d. galagos, lorises, tarsiers, and lemurs.
Q:
Primate females
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Primate dietary adaptation is facilitated bya. highly specialized dentition. b. expanded numbers of teeth. c. four functionally distinctive tooth types.d. none of the above.
Q:
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems froma. eyes rotated forward. b. tendency toward nocturnality. c. color vision.d. both a and c.
Q:
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations includinga. opposable thumbs. b. precision grip. c. short digits.d. expanded reliance on sense of smell.
Q:
While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates you have not seen in your textbook. However you notice they have wet, snout-like noses similar to a dog's. You tell your friend that this is
a. a species of prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
b. a species of anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
c. a species of platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
d. none of the above.
Q:
The two suborders of primates area. platyrrhine and catarrhine. b. prosimians and anthropoids. c. pongidae and hominidae.d. tarsiers and anthropoids.
Q:
Which of the following are prosimians?a. baboons b. gibbons c. lemursd. tamarins
Q:
Living lemurs are found only ina. Asia. b. Africa. c. South America.d. Madagascar.
Q:
Unlike monkeys, apes
a. have no tails.
b. have long forelimbs, compared to their hind limbs.
c. have short lower backs.
d. are orthograde; that is, they walk upright.
Q:
In comparison to Prosimians, anthropoidsa. have a reduced sense of smell. b. have an enhanced sense of smell. c. have a reduced reliance on vision.d. b and c only.
Q:
The tarsiers belong to the taxonomic suborder ofa. Anthropoidea. b. Prosimii. c. sapiens.d. Homo.
Q:
Because of the enhanced sense of touch, most primate species havea. claws on the forelimbs only. b. nails on the forelimbs only. c. claws instead of nails on all limbs.d. nails instead of claws on all limbs.
Q:
________ is a fist-like grip in which the fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions.a. Hammer grip b. Knitting grip c. Power gripd. Precision grip
Q:
The nose structure in all primatesa. is projecting (similar to dogs) and contributed to a decreasing sense of smell.b. is projecting (similar to dogs) and contributed to an increasing sense of smell.c. is flatter against the face and contributed to a decreasing sense of smell.d. is flatter against the face and contributed to an increasing sense of smell.
Q:
Suspensory primates generally have what type of body structure?a. longer legs than arms b. longer arms than legs c. longer thumbs than big toesd. longer big toes than thumbs
Q:
Sagittal crests are pronounced in some primates with highly developed ________ .a. shoulder muscles b. masticatory muscles c. hip musclesd. ankle muscles
Q:
Suspensory locomotion is characteristic of which primate?a. macaques b. vervets c. baboonsd. gibbons
Q:
How does human life history (prenatal stage, infancy, childhood, juvenile stage, adolescence, adulthood, old age) shed light on the interaction between genes and environment?