Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Anthropology
Q:
Discuss the problems and consequences of undernutrition and overnutrition around the world.
Q:
Discuss how adaptations to local environments have likely influenced the evolution of skin color in different geographic regions of the world.
Q:
Is race a valid, biologically meaningful concept? Why or why not?
Q:
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races
a. Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
b. Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
c. Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
d. Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.
Q:
Low birth weight can result from a mother'sa. malnutrition. b. excessive alcohol consumption. c. smoking.d. all of the above.
Q:
The strength and mass of bone
a. do not affect the tendency to fracture.
b. are entirely genetically determined.
c. vary with an individual's level of physical activity.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Inherited human adaptations include all of the following except
a. genetic adaptation at the population level.
b. acclimatization.
c. more efficient use of oxygen.
d. none of the above.
Q:
While reading an ethnography of women living in a rural African community, you notice that women in this community have a significantly greater workload than men. The data shows that women spend more time clearing and planting fields than men of an equivalent age. What influence will this have on the overall population?
a. The population size will rapidly increase because women show greater fitness.
b. The population may remain the same or decrease due to lowered birth rate of women.
c. The population will remain the same because gendered difference in workload has no relationship to fluctuations in population size.
d. The population will only increase if the workload of women remains the same.
Q:
Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection because Tibetan women
a. at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
b. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.
c. with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children.
d. have poor nutrition.
Q:
Wolff's law
a. is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
b. applies to the maintenance of the endocrine system.
c. accounts for the remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
d. says that bone mass is taken away where it is needed and produced where it is not needed.
Q:
Reports show that in the last forty years, the average weight of six- to eleven-year-old children has gone from 65 to 74 pounds. We know thata. a weight increase can lead to physiological conditions that put the children at greater risk of heart disease among other conditions.b. a weight increase of this amount is likely related to increased consumption of foods high in micronutrients.c. these children will have no adverse effect from being overweight or obese.d. none of the above.
Q:
Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can causea. skin cancer. b. hypoxia. c. rickets.d. none of the above.
Q:
Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations
a. have lower basal metabolic rate.
b. consume more carbohydrates.
c. reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
d. none of the above.
Q:
In an anatomy lab you are shown both of the upper arm bones of a single individual. You note in your lab book that the diameter of the left arm bone is significantly larger than that of the right arm bone. From this you infer that
a. the individual was likely ambidextrous, lacking the dominant arm required for athletics.
b. this particular individual is a good example of the properties of Allen's rule.
c. this individual predominantly used his or her left arm for either sporting activities or daily use.
d. this individual predominantly used his or her right arm for either sporting activities or daily use.
Q:
Functional adaptations to high altitude include all of the following excepta. smaller diameter of blood vessels. b. greater lung volume. c. more efficient use of oxygen.d. high oxygen saturation in hemoglobin.
Q:
For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in
a. increased female fertility.
b. increased ovarian function.
c. reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
d. higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.
Q:
Exercise improves physical fitness by contributing to all of the following excepta. increased bone strength. b. increased heart and lung function. c. increased cholesterol.d. lower blood pressure.
Q:
While conducting a study on hypoxia among individuals living in the Peruvian Andes, you have been able to show that individuals in the population have likely suffered hypoxia and/or resided there for long periods of time. You know this because
a. individuals in your sample have a smaller chest cavity than do individuals who live in the village at the base of the mountains.
b. individuals who moved to the region as children have greater lung volumes than individuals who moved to the area as adults.
c. individuals in the population have very low red blood cell counts.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Ethnographic evidence from around the world shows that postmenopausal women do all of the following except
a. die young.
b. play important roles in provisioning grandchildren.
c. act as repositories of information about culture and society.
d. contribute to their daughters' reproductive success.
Q:
Osteoporosis is
a. less common in postmenopausal women with low amounts of estrogen.
b. more common in men than in women because of testosterone.
c. decreased susceptibility to bone fracture that comes with changes in bone mass.
d. a main cause of hip fractures in older women.
Q:
Before adulthood, height deficits can be made up bya. rapid growth following disruption. b. longer duration of growth. c. neither a nor b.d. both a and b.
Q:
The growth potential of populations
a. has been reached worldwide thanks to improvements in genetic technology.
b. has not yet been reached in most wealthy countries.
c. has been reached even in less wealthy populations where growth periods are slow.
d. can be achieved with improvements in disease control and nutrition.
Q:
The average heights of European-American males in the United States fluctuated between 1710 and 1970 and
a. were not affected by improvements in sanitation.
b. were positively affected by increasing population density.
c. were mostly influenced by shifts in immigrants' geographic origins.
d. were positively affected by access to medical care.
Q:
When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses,
a. long bone growth is slowed.
b. full adult height is attained.
c. the adolescent growth spurt begins.
d. the fusion is largely determined by the environment.
Q:
The life stage of senescence in humans is characterized by
a. cognitive transitions in increased ability to learn.
b. a growth spurt.
c. the end of the reproductive years.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Research has shown that human growth and development
a. start off with a blueprint from an individual's DNA.
b. are strongly influenced by the environment.
c. are exactly the same as other primates.
d. both a and b.
Q:
Puberty is marked bya. menarche in girls. b. similar body size in boys and girls. c. completion of brain growth.d. adult social roles.
Q:
Human brain growth is completed by agea. three. b. eighteen months. c. six.d. ten.
Q:
Although Bergmann's and Allen's rules most often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the correct patterns. This indicates that
a. the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization.
b. body shape and morphology reflect both evolutionary and developmental processes.
c. the association between body shape and morphology does not respond to environmental stressors.
d. the association between body shape, morphology, and the environment is not a result of natural selection.
Q:
Infancy ends
a. at 36 months.
b. before deciduous dentition has completely erupted.
c. with completion of brain growth.
d. with weaning, which occurs at the same time across cultures.
Q:
Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. This is an example of
a. developmental adaptations that occur at the population level.
b. acclimatization at the individual level.
c. developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Unlike other animals, humans acquire resources such as food and reproductive partners
a. only by way of survival of the fittest.
b. only by way of a dominance hierarchy.
c. entirely within the contexts of culture and society.
d. none of the above.
Q:
DNA
a. largely determines development from conception through death.
b. schedules growth, but environment and events influence actual development.
c. is the sole influence on growth and development.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Which of the following are related to the biological process of homeostasis?a. senescence b. Wolff's law c. osteoporosisd. both a and b
Q:
The postnatal stage in humans consists of
a. the neonatal period.
b. the neonatal period through the end of lactation.
c. infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood.
d. the neonatal period, infancy, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.
Q:
The fact that Turkana children are often initially shorter than American children is indicative of
a. the growth acceleration and deceleration associated with this life stage.
b. the fact that growth is often related to nutrition and other environmental factors.
c. the relationship between genes and the environment.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Results from anthropomorphic measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate long limbs. This suggests which of the following?
a. The population is one point on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.
b. The population represents the variability that results from Wolff's law of skeletal replacement.
c. The population has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates.
d. According to Allen's rule, pastoralist populations are well adapted for life at high latitudes.
Q:
A cline
a. is continuous variation that follows a continuum.
b. is variation that falls into discrete categories.
c. describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18.
d. describes the number of sweat glands common in a population in relation to latitude.
Q:
R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this
a. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
b. through research indicating that most genetic variation is found across human populations.
c. through the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
d. through research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.
Q:
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
a. discovered the existence of three races.
b. categorized skulls into five racial types.
c. used blood types and skin colors to create a racial taxonomy for humans.
d. showed that skull shape changed over time.
Q:
Franz Boas
a. was a big supporter of the race concept.
b. created racial categories based on living populations in the United States.
c. showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents.
d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.
Q:
C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept
a. was first used by Marco Polo as he recorded huge amounts of information during his travels in Asia.
b. has been present throughout human history.
c. can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.
d. originated in ancient Egypt.
Q:
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) consists of
a. general energy requirements.
b. basal metabolic requirements plus all other energy requirements.
c. basal metabolic requirements only.
d. requirements to maintain gamete production.
Q:
Global studies on human thermoregulation have revealed
a. populations adapted to hot climates have more efficient reactions to heat stress.
b. populations living in hot climates have more sweat glands.
c. populations living in hot climates have less body hair.
d. a and b only.
Q:
According to the text, females are less able to tolerate heat than males becausea. males have a higher body fat content. b. females have a higher body fat content. c. females are shorter.d. males sweat more.
Q:
Which of the following is key to maintaining internal homeostasis?a. Bergmann's rule b. Allen's rule c. mutationsd. adaptations
Q:
________ states that heat-adapted mammals will have long limbs, which maximize the body's surface area.a. Thermoregulation rule b. Darwin's rule c. Bergmann's ruled. Allen's rule
Q:
Sweating evolved in humans as a response to what?
a. humans learning how to use fire
b. humans migrating to warmer climates
c. changes in human cultural behavior to include wearing clothing
d. thermoregulatory adaptation to hair loss in humans
Q:
Which of the following is the expansion of blood vessels near the body's surface in response to excessive heat?a. vasoconstriction b. vasodilation c. arterial flowd. venous flow
Q:
Functional adaptations in humans during their lifetimes are usually associated with ________ .a. human linguistic changes b. human genotypes c. environmental conditionsd. contact between different populations
Q:
Which of the following can lead to cardiovascular disease?a. type 2 diabetes b. overnutrition c. undernutritiond. b and c only
Q:
Race is not a valid biological concept because
a. races account for only a small amount of biological variation.
b. the distribution of biological traits follow a cline.
c. traits do not agree with their frequency and distribution.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Discuss the significance of workload adaptation for skeletal function and maintenance of bone strength.
Q:
Explain how the founder effect can lead to a descendant population that differs greatly from its parent population over a relatively short period of time.
Q:
Why is the peppered moth an excellent example of directional selection?
Q:
Why is a frameshift mutation far more likely to lead to a defective protein compared with a point mutation?
Q:
Why is the incidence of sickle-cell anemia an excellent example of a "balanced polymorphism," in which two or more alleles are maintained by natural selection in a population?
Q:
In a classroom taste-test for PTC, the genotype frequency was determined to be P = 0.35 and Q = 0.65. After applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation, which of the following was found to be the percentage of genotypes?a. p2=0.12; 2pq=0.46; q2=0.42 b. p2=0.35; 2pq=0.00; q2=0.65 c. p2=0.12; 2pq=0.65; q2=0.23d. None of the above
Q:
A study of Darwin's finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands developed wide beaks in order to break open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution isa. directional selection. b. natural selection. c. disruptive selection.d. stabilizing selection.
Q:
A genetic study conducted over multiple generations found that the frequency of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies shifted to AA: 0.16, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.36. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume
a. random mating has altered gene frequencies.
b. gene flow has possibly shifted the gene frequencies.
c. mating in this population must be nonrandom mating.
d. both b and c.
Q:
Familial hypercholesterolemia, an autosomal dominant disease, is five times more frequent in the Afrikaner population of South Africa than in the population of Europe or the United States. This represents an example ofa. natural selection. b. bottle neck. c. founder effect.d. kin selection.
Q:
The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known asa. Turner syndrome. b. Down syndrome. c. Klinefelter's syndrome.d. Williams syndrome.
Q:
An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is thereforea. homozygous dominant. b. homozygous recessive. c. heterozygous.d. haplozygous.
Q:
A genetic study conducted over two generations found that the frequency of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies remained the same. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume
a. negative assortative mating has maintained gene frequencies.
b. mutations have likely occurred resulting in the same frequency.
c. mating in this population is random.
d. the population is small and we cannot detect change.
Q:
Fitness trade-off refers to selection favoring which genotype?a. homozygous dominant b. homozygous recessive c. heterozygousd. no genotype is favored
Q:
The evolution of the modern horse with a single hoof on each limb from a dog-sized ancestor with multiple digits is an example ofa. macroevolution. b. stabilizing selection. c. disruptive selection.d. microevolution.
Q:
The malarial parasite is transmitted to humans bya. dirty drinking water. b. mosquitoes. c. rats.d. monkeys.
Q:
What effect does natural selection have on population variation?a. increases variation b. decreases variation c. both increases and decreases variationd. does not affect variation
Q:
Patrilocal societies are expected to display
a. greater mtDNA diversity than Y chromosome diversity.
b. roughly equivalent mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity.
c. greater Y chromosome diversity than mtDNA diversity.
d. no strong correlation between societal structure and genetic diversity (none of the above).
Q:
The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result ofa. natural selection. b. gene flow. c. founder effect.d. mutation.
Q:
A random change in allele frequencies over time is known asa. genetic drift. b. gene flow. c. admixture.d. gene migration.
Q:
The best-documented case of industrial melanism involvesa. Galpagos finches. b. dung beetles. c. monarch butterflies.d. peppered moths.
Q:
Studies of Darwin's finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp, narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution isa. directional selection. b. natural selection. c. disruptive selection.d. stabilizing selection.
Q:
Spontaneous mutation is the result ofa. unknown causes. b. X-rays. c. toxic chemicals.d. UV radiation.
Q:
You and your friend are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes instead of spots. The article refers to this as a genetic mutation. Your friend wonders why the striped cheetahs are not referred to as a new species. You respond:
a. The article is mistaken. Striped cheetahs are clearly a new species.
b. Genetic mutations only cause superficial changes that do not result in evolutionary advantages.
c. When the frequency of striped individuals in the population reaches 50%, they will be categorized as a new species.
d. The stripes are caused by an individual mutation, and have not evolved in a reproductively isolated population.
Q:
Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifts from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifts from 25% to 29%. This is an example ofa. minievolution. b. microevolution. c. millievolution.d. nanoevolution.
Q:
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that
a. are not coded to produce proteins.
b. contain numerous point mutations.
c. occur only on the X and Y chromosomes.
d. insert themselves into other parts of the genome.
Q:
A point mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be aa. spontaneous mutation. b. synonymous mutation. c. selective mutation.d. stabilizing mutation.
Q:
Aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and reproduction take place within the group leading to
a. increased genetic diversity through genetic drift.
b. migration without gene flow.
c. more genetic diversity than would be observed in an exogamous society.
d. decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.
Q:
Evolution is caused by which of the following?a. mutation b. gene flow c. genetic driftd. all of the above