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Anthropology
Q:
How do Darwin's finches demonstrate the concept of adaptive radiation?
a. They are closely related species that have branched from one species.
b. They are no different than ancient species of lemurs.
c. They have radiated from ancient species of monkeys.
d. They show great cultural flexibility.
Q:
Linnaeus's taxonomic system is referred to as a "hierarchy" because
a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species.
b. species are placed in a ranked list called "The Great Chain of Being."
c. humans are considered the most evolved species.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Why are Darwin's finches considered good examples of natural selection?
a. They are found on every continent.
b. There is fossil evidence that they originated in North America.
c. They embody the idea of descent with modification.
d. They did not differ between populations.
Q:
In your textbook, the lesser frequency of sickle-cell anemia among present day American blacks as compared to West African blacks is attributed toa. genetic drift. b. gene flow. c. new mutations.d. none of the above.
Q:
By the mid-twentieth century, the causes of evolution were seen as all of the following excepta. natural selection. b. macromutation. c. gene flow.d. genetic drift.
Q:
Darwin observed that adaptations
a. resulted from supernatural forces.
b. did not vary among Galpagos finches living in different habitats.
c. were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction.
d. were peripheral to evolutionary change.
Q:
Thomas Hunt Morgan
a. demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes.
b. studied mutations in Homo sapiens.
c. thought change was gradual and occurred over long time periods.
d. none of the above.
Q:
The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics wasa. John Ray. b. Gregor Mendel. c. Charles Darwin.d. Robert Hook.
Q:
The Human Genome Project (a massive collaboration to decode and study the human genome) is most likely to contribute to an understanding of which disease?a. cancer b. influenza c. tuberculosisd. smallpox
Q:
All of the following are formal taxonomic categories excepta. kingdom. b. population. c. order.d. family.
Q:
You"re watching a show on TV about the history of scientific thought in Europe prior to 1800. The narrator correctly states that at that time
a. all species were believed to have evolved from a common ancestor.
b. all forms were thought to have been created by God and to remain constant over time.
c. most species were thought to go extinct over time.
d. evolution was attributed to natural selection acting upon genetic variation.
Q:
The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are thea. gene pool. b. DNA. c. genome.d. polygene.
Q:
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) wasa. Charles Darwin. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Carolus Linnaeus.d. Robert Hooke.
Q:
The geneticist who studied the workings of fruit flies' chromosomes wasa. Charles Darwin. b. Gregor Mendel. c. Thomas Hunt Morgan.d. Thomas Huxley.
Q:
Mendel's plant hybridization experiments demonstrated that
a. inherited traits from each parent blended together in the offspring.
b. DNA was the molecule carrying the genetic code.
c. peas were a poor choice for understanding basic hereditary principles.
d. traits inherited from each parent remained distinct in the offspring.
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding populations of living organisms?
a. Parents often produce many offspring.
b. Population size is limited by the food supply.
c. Individuals in populations actively compete for scarce resources.
d. Individuals in populations show little or no variation.
Q:
Recessive alleles will be expressed if they are inheriteda. from either parent. b. from neither parent. c. from both parents.d. along with a dominant allele.
Q:
The only possible source of new genetic material isa. natural selection. b. mutation. c. gene flow.d. gene drift.
Q:
Different versions, or subunits, of the same gene area. chromosomes. b. gemmules. c. alleles.d. blenders.
Q:
The physical expression of an organism's genetic constitution is called itsa. karyotype. b. phenotype. c. stereotype.d. genotype.
Q:
Cuvier's work on fossil elephants in France supported the then controversial notion ofa. extinction. b. evolution. c. natural selection.d. genetics.
Q:
The English scientist who independently codiscovered the theory of natural selection wasa. Charles Lyell. b. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. c. Alfred Russel Wallace.d. Carolus Linnaeus.
Q:
How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution?
a. He discovered genetic mutation through experiments with pea plants.
b. He proposed the concept of natural selection after his voyage to the Galapagos Islands and his study of finches.
c. He did not but instead proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as inheritance of acquired characteristics.
d. He did not but instead proposed a concept known today as gene flow.
Q:
How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth?
a. Darwin was interested in Malthus's examinations of population changes in pea plants.
b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability.
c. Darwin liked the concept of Latin taxonomic classification as it pertained to human groups.
d. Darwin was greatly influenced by research on acquired characteristics.
Q:
The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking wasa. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Thomas Malthus.d. Charles Lyell.
Q:
According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level ofa. individuals. b. genes. c. populations.d. species.
Q:
How is the concept of catastrophism different from the concept of uniformitarianism?
a. Catastrophism is the idea that the shape of the earth's surface gradually shifts over time.
b. Catastrophism is only the result of human-induced changes.
c. Catastrophism is the idea that geologic changes are the result of single cataclysmic events.
d. None of the above.
Q:
James Hutton is associated witha. adaptation. b. catastrophism. c. uniformitarianism.d. principles of heredity.
Q:
While at the gorilla exhibit at the zoo you notice that the sign reads Gorilla gorilla gorilla. You recall that this is a scientific name and is part of a naming system known as
a. binomial nomenclature, which was developed by Carolus Linnaeus as a classification system for plants and animals.
b. natural selection, because you know that Carolus Linnaeus was a proponent of evolutionary change.
c. independent assortment, developed by Gregor Mendel.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a. was studied during Darwin's lifetime.
b. is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions.
c. was discovered by Mendel.
d. is stored in the cells as ribosomes.
Q:
The evolutionary synthesis
a. occurred in 1900 immediately after Mendel's work was rediscovered.
b. emphasized the important role of mutation and macromutation in evolutionary change.
c. emphasized theoretical differences between diverse scientific fields.
d. accepted Darwin's theory of evolution and Mendel's theory of heredity as explaining most evolutionary change.
Q:
Why is the work of Alfred Russel Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?
a. He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin.
b. His work is not considered as he was mistakenly credited with the theory of natural selection.
c. He was a British dog-breeder who worked on artificial selection experiments.
d. Wallace was well-known and gathered even more evidence to support evolution than Darwin.
Q:
Darwin's theory of evolution drew from all of the following scientific disciplines excepta. demography. b. geology. c. genetics.d. systematics.
Q:
Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because
a. it coined the concept of evolution.
b. it synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change.
c. it was immediately and widely accepted by the scientific community as the mechanism for evolutionary change.
d. none of the above.
Q:
Among the first scientists to conceive of evolutionary change wasa. Charles Darwin. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Erasmus Darwin.d. Alfred Wallace.
Q:
Natural selection
a. works on preexisting variation in a population.
b. works on traits acquired through an organism's lifetime.
c. works only on deleterious traits.
d. works only on advantageous traits.
Q:
Whose efforts helped explain how chromosomes are replicated?
a. Rosalind Franklin
b. James Watson
c. Francis Crick
d. all of the above
Q:
What decreases the number of genetic differences between populations?a. genetic drift b. mutation c. DNAd. gene flow
Q:
Mendel's discrete units responsible for the characteristics in his pea plants are now known asa. chromosomes. b. DNA. c. genes.d. RNA.
Q:
What is the only source of new genetic material?a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. evolutiond. mutation
Q:
Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection was supported by which leading scientist of the time?a. Gregor Mendel b. Thomas Malthus c. Thomas Henry Huxleyd. Charles Lyell
Q:
________ is most powerful as an evolutionary cause when operating on small populations.a. Genetic flow b. Mutation c. Genetic driftd. Natural selection
Q:
Like most of his contemporaries, Charles Darwin believeda. that physical traits were passed from the father to the offspring.b. that physical traits were acquired in an individual's lifetime.c. that physical traits were passed down from each parent and then blended together in the offspring.d. that physical traits were passed from the mother to the offspring.
Q:
James Hutton's research in the mid-18th century demonstrated that the earth wasa. 4.6 billion years old. b. millions of years old.c. a few thousand years old.d. 100 billion years old.
Q:
Which of the following is true?
a. Organisms classified in two different biological orders can still belong to the same genus.
b. Organisms classified as two different species can still belong to the same genus.
c. Organisms classified in two different families can still belong to the same genus.
d. Organisms classified in two different kingdoms can still belong to the same genus.
Q:
List the six major events in human evolution, briefly describing each.
Q:
What is anthropology? What are the four branches of anthropology?
Q:
What is physical anthropology? Discuss the various branches of physical (or biological) anthropology.
Q:
Discuss how physical anthropologists use the scientific method.
Q:
Discuss the six key attributes that make humans unique relative to other species.
Q:
An online news story suggests a connection between a chemical dye found in foods and the development of mouth ulcers. As a budding young scientist, you refer to the journal in which the original research was published to see whether or not the research followed the scientific method. You are looking for which of the following four requirements?a. design an experiment, state the hypothesis, collect data from a previous experiment, then test your hypothesisb. determine problem, develop a hypothesis, collect data from observations, and test your hypothesisc. identify the problem, create a theory, publish your findings, and finally test your hypothesisd. both a and c.
Q:
Physical anthropologists might examine
a. brain biology.
c. primate growth and development.
b. molecular structure of diseases.
d. all of the above.
Q:
When you enter your classroom you find a paper that a student has left behind from a previous class. You want to return it to the correct department's lost and found, so you read a few of the questions. The topics of the questions center on the study of humankind from multiple perspectives and time periods including Mayan temples, coming-of-age rituals in the South Pacific, and human skulls from South Africa. The paper should most likely be returned to which of the following departments?a. sociologyb. entomologyc. anthropologyd. religious studies
Q:
While your mother is at the bookstore looking for something new to read, she mentions that she is interested in learning more about what her daughter is currently writing, an ethnography. The clerk asks for a more detailed description of an ethnography, so your mother phones you asking for more information. Your response includes which of the following?
a. what physical anthropologists produce
b. a description of observations about living human cultures
c. a description of observations about ancient prehistoric cultures
d. a description of behavioral observations of nonhuman primates
Q:
You spend a year of your life living with and studying crab fishermen. At the end of this time you document everything that you have learned. This is called a(n)a. ethogram.b. ethnography.c. biography.d. thesis.
Q:
You overhear a debate among anthropology graduate students regarding whether anthropology should be categorized as a biological or social science. You have learned in your introductory courses that it is both. Why is it both?
a. Anthropology consists of empirical observations in the laboratory setting.
b. Anthropologists study culture only through the written works of other cultures.
c. Anthropologists study biology within the context of culture and behavior.
d. None of the above.
Q:
Postcontact Indian children on the Georgia coasta. ate less corn than Indian children there before AD 1000.b. ate more corn than Indian children there before AD 1000.c. experienced dental disease more than Indian children there before AD 1000.d. both b and c.
Q:
Just before the arrival of the Spanish on St. Catherines Island, people therea. were primarily fishermen.b. were hunter-gatherers.c. became the first farmers of the region.d. none of the above.
Q:
Science is considered self-correcting because
a. theories can be modified or replaced in response to new findings.
b. hypotheses are built on meticulous observation.
c. hypothesis-testing can result in rejection of previous hypotheses.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Charles Darwin
a. was a theologian during the twentieth century.
b. was an English naturalist in the 1800s.
c. hypothesized about human origins in the 1700s.
d. was a scientist during the Enlightenment.
Q:
The earliest stone tools discovered to date, are dated ata. 4 mya.b. 1.5 mya.c. 6 mya.d. 2.6 mya.
Q:
Primatologists record a new series of owl monkey vocalizations in the wild. After rigorous analysis and playback experiments they determine that the sounds could not be argued to represent a language because they are random, unrelated, and elicit no response from other individuals. The primatologists determine this because they know that language is
a. a set of symbols that refer to things other than themselves.
b. used by wild chimpanzees to transfer knowledge between individuals and generations.
c. representative of all forms of primate communication.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Chimpanzees in the wild have been observed toa. use two rocks as a hammer and anvil to crack open nuts.b. teach their offspring how to flake stone tools.c. use stick tools to scoop termites from nests.d. both a and c.
Q:
A family friend tells you that she just completed a summer internship where she helped law enforcement identify human remains using dental records, X-rays, and other indices of gender, height, and ethnicity. She is most likely studyinga. biocultural anthropology.b. primatology.c. forensic anthropology.d. paleontology.
Q:
Physical anthropologya. is a social science.b. considers environment and biology insignificant in the study of human cultures.c. is a biological science.d. both a and c.
Q:
How are modern humans distinguished from their earliest ancestors?
a. their appearance 6 mya along with bipedalism
b. the presence of habitual bipedalism and adaptations for arboreal living
c. the use of tools
d. hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods
Q:
Physical anthropology as a discipline is concerned witha. skeletal pathology.b. primate behavior.c. fossilized human remains.d. all of the above.
Q:
How is culture defined?
a. Culture is genetically determined and therefore does not change.
b. Culture is too vague to be important for physical anthropologists.
c. Culture is a learned behavior transmitted from person to person.
d. Culture is the same worldwide and does not need to be studied.
Q:
Your friend Susan explains to you that she recently saw a televised debate regarding the presence of material culture in nonhuman animals. Susan agreed with the individual who claimed that objects used to manipulate environments were one of the defining characteristics of humans. When asked what your opinion is as an anthropologist, you say:
a. Material culture is an important characteristic of only human culture, as it allows us to live and survive in diverse environments.
b. While material culture is important for humans, it has recently been argued to be present in chimpanzee societies.
c. Material culture did not exist until the Dark Ages.
d. Material culture is an important characteristic for all mammals.
Q:
You are walking through a forest in the Central African Republic and you notice a twig that has had its bark removed and is stuck in a hole in a termite mound. The twig is an example ofa. material cultureb. tool usec. learned behaviord. all of the above.
Q:
How is a theory different from a hypothesis?
a. Unlike a theory, a hypothesis explains observations and cannot be refuted by new evidence.
b. A theory is an explanation based upon controversial facts.
c. A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and testing of evidence.
d. A theory has been less thoroughly tested than a hypothesis.
Q:
In your lab quiz you are provided with a hominid skull and asked to describe its unique characteristics and what they may tell you about the behavior of the individual. You notice that the gap typically seen between the canine and the third premolar on the lower jaw of living ape species is not present. On your answer sheet you note the following:
a. This individual most likely uses its teeth in dominance displays.
b. The teeth of this individual are adapted for processing plant and animal foods that require shredding.
c. This hominid skull belongs to an individual dated after the development of tools for food processing.
d. None of the above.
Q:
Your professor passes around a skull and tells you that you can tell this individual lived after hominids began making and using tools for food processing. How can you tell?a. striations on the teethb. pitting in the mandiblec. presence of a chind. a nonhoning canine
Q:
Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because
a. it was the first evolutionary development that clearly distinguished us from other animals.
b. it was possible only after the advent of simple material culture.
c. it followed brain expansion in human evolution.
d. it allowed hominids to come out of the trees and make tools 10 mya.
Q:
How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?
a. It combines cultural studies with archaeology.
b. It examines the interaction between genetics and culture in shaping human biology.
c. It is strictly a biological science.
d. It considers culture to be a byproduct of our biological histories.
Q:
You are on a paleoanthropological dig in Ethiopia. You and your team uncover fossilized finger and toe bones. You notice that while these bones are not as curved as modern-day ape bones, they are not as straight as modern-day human bones. These bones are slightly curved. What kind of environment did this individual live in?a. grasslandb. desertc. forested areasd. tundra
Q:
The hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground in the grasslands of Africaa. has been upheld by subsequent scientific data on human origins.b. was developed in consultation with genetic and fossil evidence.c. has been rejected recently subsequent to new fossil evidence.d. has become a scientific law.
Q:
Physical anthropology does not includea. archaeology.b. linguistics.c. forensics.d. genetics.
Q:
A hypothesis
a. is equivalent to a theory.
b. is an attempt to explain observations and predict future scientific results.
c. is a statement concerning scientific facts.
d. cannot be refuted by future investigations.
Q:
The scientific methoda. relies on making hunches about the natural world.b. involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.c. is used to support preconceived notions or theories.d. seeks to establish the absolute scientific truth.