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Q:
The majority of Americans believe there is a Heaven.
Q:
In most societies, the fate of the soul after death depends upon the behavior of the individual when living.
Q:
The concept of a single soul that animates the living body and leaves upon death is found in the vast majority of societies that have been studied.
Q:
The soul is the noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual.
Q:
The Day of the Dead in Mexico is a time for:
a. driving evil spirits out of the village
b. a family reunion for all family members, living and dead
c. fasting and repentance
d. all of the above
Q:
The origins of Halloween can be found in a(n):
a. ancient Celtic festival called Samhain
b. Satanic celebration of the horned deity
c. new tradition for burials that began during the Civil War
d. U.S. department store attempt to sell more items in the Fall
Q:
All Hallows Eve or Halloween takes place on the evening before:
a. Memorial Day
b. dama
c. All Saint's Day
d. Hollows Day
Q:
American mortuary customs are characterized by:
a. discomfort on the part of those attending the funeral
b. restrained expressions of grief
c. restoration of the body to lifelike appearance for purposes of display
d. all of the above
Q:
The earliest examples of the American custom of embalming and the establishment of the first military cemeteries took place during the:
a. Revolutionary War
b. French and Indian War
c. Civil War
d. World War I
Q:
The custom of drinking the cremated ashes of the dead is found among the:
a. Yanomam
b. Jivaro
c. Berawan
d. Nuer
Q:
The term secondary burial refers to:
a. a separate burial for specific body parts (e.g., the head and hands)
b. any burial for those lower in the social stratification
c. a later burial during which the remains are dug up, processed, and reburied
d. a burial for a person who dies out of grief after the passing of their spouse
Q:
All of the following statements about the African Burial Ground are correct except:
a. most of the remains are those of adults
b. the cemetery dates to the 1700s
c. individuals were buried in coffins
d. the bodies were buried with their heads oriented to the west so that on the Judgment Day they will sit up and face the rising sun
Q:
The African Burial Ground is a cemetery in:
a. West Africa which has been studied by anthropologists
b. East Africa where secondary burials of skeletons have been found
c. New York city that contains the burials of slaves from the 18th century
d. South Africa containing cremated remains
Q:
Burials differ in different societies in many ways. Among these is:
a. the location of the grave
b. the position the body is placed in
c. objects placed in the grave with the body
d. all of the above
Q:
Death rituals or funerals serve many purposes among which is (are):
a. channeling the expressions of grief
b. determining the fate of the soul
c. protecting the community of ghosts
d. all of the above
Q:
Wade Davis believes that from an etic perspective, Haitain zombies really:
a. did not exist
b. have been given a powder containing tetrodotoxin
c. were in it for the fame and wealth
d. were animated from the dead to work in the fields
Q:
Haitian Zombies are:
a. living persons who have been placed in a zombie state in order to work in the fields
b. reanimated dead persons who eat brains
c. a special class of especially evil and troublesome ghosts
d. people who have died before their time and return to life to bring death to friends and neighbors
Q:
The Viking draugr was a(n):
a. animated corpse that could wander the countryside, much like a vampire
b. ghost seeking revenge for its own death
c. reanimated corpse, much like a zombie
d. soul that resided in Valhalla after dying in battle
Q:
From an etic perspective, the appearance of exhumed bodies thought to be vampires were actually the result of the:
a. acidic nature of the soil found in some eastern European cemeteries
b. natural process of decay
c. mutilation of bodies by people wanting the village to believe in vampires
d. real work of supernatural forces
Q:
Descriptions of vampires are based upon:
a. early folk tales found in eastern Europe
b. observations made of corpses that were exhumed several months after burial
c. descriptions of invaders that overran eastern Europe from Asia during the 14th and 15th centuries
d. observations made of recently executed criminals
Q:
In eastern European folk belief (not Hollywood folk belief) a vampire is:
a. an evil spirit that sucks blood from its victims
b. a person who, having died before his time, returns to life to bring death to his friends and neighbors
c. a dead person brought back to life by a sorcerer
d. a person who turns into an animal upon death
Q:
Much of Dani behavior, including the fear of traveling outside of the village at night, is based upon their belief in the existence of:
a. sorcerers
b. zombies
c. ghosts
d. witches
Q:
A ghost can best be thought of as:
a. a dead person brought to life through magic
b. a soul that remains in the world of the living
c. an evil spirit or deity
d. none of the above
Q:
In Japan, a distinction can be made between ancestors and those who died in more recent memory. The latter are referred to as:
a. the departed
b. ghouls
c. kindred
d. the near gods
Q:
A clear separation of biological and social death is found among the:
a. Beng
b. Yoruba
c. Tana Toraja
d. Hmong
Q:
The Beng of West Africa believe that during the first several years of a baby's life:
a. the baby's soul is transitioning from the afterlife to this world
b. animals must be sacrificed so that one of the animal souls becomes the baby's
c. the egungun dancers must drum the baby's soul into its body
d. the baby has no soul and is therefore not talked to
Q:
The egungun are spirits that travel from the land of the lead to visit the living among the:
a. Hmong
b. Yoruba
c. Tana Toraja
d. Jivaro
Q:
The importance of ancestors in a society is often a reflection of the importance of:
a. kinship
b. death
c. inheritance of wealth
d. reincarnation
Q:
In Buddhism, rebirth is seen not as the transmission of a distinct personality, but as a transmission of:
a. consciousness
b. karma
c. lineage
d. thoughts
Q:
The belief that an immortal, eternal soul is born again and again in different bodies is found in:
a. Catholicism
b. Islam
c. Hinduism
d. Judaism
Q:
The Hmong of Laos believe that:
a. illness occurs when one of many souls is frightened out of the body or stolen by demons
b. the immortal souls recycles from grandparent to grandchild
c. one aspect of the soul lives near the liver and can be stolen by a shaman causing illness
d. only souls of people free of sin will go to Heaven
Q:
The Yanomam believe in:
a. several different souls that have different destinations after death
b. a single immortal soul that recycles from grandparent to grandchild
c. a perfect afterlife only for those people free of sin
d. the necessity of burial to preserve the soul for a coming new world
Q:
Among the Yup"ik of western Alaska seals have souls. These souls are returned to the sea during an annual festival when the ________ of the seal, which contains its soul, is shoved through the hole in the ice.
a. liver
b. bladder
c. heart
d. brain
Q:
Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul in small-scale religions?
a. the soul may be destroyed on its way to the other world
b. the fate of the soul may be the result of the social statuses of the individual during life
c. the souls of people who die a special death, such as in war, may share a fate different from those who die a different death
d. all of the above
Q:
The term transmigration refers to:
a. the attainment of new souls through visions
b. the movement of souls from one person into another
c. the soul being reborn into the body of an animal
d. the soul moving from one afterlife to another
Q:
Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul?
a. in some societies one's soul is in one's shadow or in one's reflection in a mirror
b. the destiny of one's soul after death always depends on how one behaved in life
c. there is always a single soul
d. all of the above statements are true
Q:
In some societies souls may be acquired during one's lifetime, such as through a vision. This is found among the:
a. Jivaro
b. Yanomam
c. Shoshoni
d. Beng
Q:
Differences in the concept of the soul among human societies include:
a. the size of the soul
b. the number of souls a human possesses
c. the location of the soul in the human body
d. all of the above
Q:
A belief in souls is probably found in all societies. This belief is likely derived from the experience of:
a. dreams
b. hallucinations
c. fainting
d. all of the above
Q:
In benge or the poison oracle of the Azande poison is fed to pigs.
Q:
Possession and prophecy are examples of deliberate inspirational divination.
Q:
The observation of animal behavior or objects in the sky such as comets is called omens.
Q:
A presentiment is a feeling that something is about to happen.
Q:
Divination is a technique for finding out information about the unknown.
Q:
The Fore believe that kuru is caused by sorcery based on homeopathic magic.
Q:
The Azande utilize medicines that are objects in which supernatural power resides.
Q:
Among the Trobriand Islanders, a "man with knowledge" is one who possesses technological knowledge as well as knowledge of magic.
Q:
A student picks up a coin from the sidewalk and puts it in her pocket. Later that day she takes an exam on which she scores an A. She then carries her "lucky coin" to her next exam. This is an example of magical thinking.
Q:
Contagious magic is based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection.
Q:
By acting out the mating behavior of animals, Australian Aborigines believe that they are affecting the reproductive cycle of the animal. Such increase rituals are a form of homeopathic magic.
Q:
The apparent connection between things that are no longer connected as a basis of magic defines homeopathic magic.
Q:
Magic involves the manipulation of words and objects so as to compel a deity to bring about the desired result.
Q:
Edward Tylor did not include magic in his definition of religion.
Q:
The origins of Astrology appear to have been in:
a. Egypt
b. India
c. Babylonia
d. Iran
Q:
The Zande poison oracle is an example of:
a. noninspirational deliberate divination
b. noninspirational fortuitous divination
c. inspirational deliberate divination
d. inspirational fortuitous divination
Q:
In some societies guilt and innocence are determined by having a red-hot knife pressed against some part of the accused person's body. This is an example of a(n):
a. presentiment
b. ordeal
c. omen
d. none of the above
Q:
Inspirational fortuitous forms of divination include:
a. astrology
b. prophecy
c. omens
d. mediums (psychics)
Q:
Deliberate inspirational forms of divination include:
a. mediums (psychics)
b. reading palms
c. Zande poison oracle
d. prophecy
Q:
A feeling that something is about to happen, such as an impending disaster, is known as:
a. necromancy
b. a presentiment
c. apantomancy
d. dowsing
Q:
Tarot cards and the reading of palms are examples of:
a. mechanical type of divination
b. possession
c. omens
d. ordeals
Q:
Noninspirational fortuitous forms of divination include:
a. astrology
b. prophecy
c. omens
d. mediums (psychics)
Q:
Divination can be used to:
a. determine the cause of an illness
b. provide the result of an undertaking that is about to begin
c. locate game for hunters
d. all of the above
Q:
Divination refers to method for:
a. controlling the behavior of spirits and deities
b. controlling events of nature
c. obtaining information about the normally unknowable
d. curing illness
Q:
Which of the following statements about Wiccan magic is false?:
a. It is based on the worldview that there is a power that exists in all things.
b. Objects such as crystals, oils, candles and images are often used.
c. Working of magic requires a consideration of nature (e.g., season, weather).
d. Magic can be done to cause harm only if the person truly deserves it.
Q:
Magic that is worked for antisocial and evil ends is known as:
a. witchcraft
b. sorcery
c. oneiromancy
d. necromancy
Q:
Magic involves the use of plant material, called medicines, in which supernatural power resides among the:
a. Trobriand Islanders
b. Fore
c. Azande
d. Wiccans
Q:
The oral text of a magical ritual is often known as a:
a. spell
b. recitation
c. charm
d. liturgy
Q:
Among Australian aborigines, the family will react to what they believe is an impending death by:
a. singing ancestral songs
b. withdrawing from the dying person
c. withholding food and water
d. all of the above
Q:
To people who practice magic it appears never to fail because:
a. if you do not get the expected result it is because you did not do it right
b. if it does fail, someone else was doing countermagic
c. humans tend to remember successes and forget failures
d. all of the above
Q:
Magic is most frequently found in situations that are:
a. unpredictable
b. reasonably reliable
c. associated with those at the fringes of society
d. associated with the politically powerful
Q:
Magic-like rituals are an important part of the behavior of athletes in athletic competition. Certain ritual behaviors, such as wearing the same clothing or washing one's hands after a losing inning, are:
a. learned and passed down in particular baseball teams
b. adopted because the player associated certain activities with success
c. purchased from magical specialists
d. none of the above
Q:
Branislaw Malinowski theorized that magic rituals serve to help the person who practices them to:
a. keep his mind off the upcoming activity
b. try to control or eliminate the elements of chance and uncertainty
c. fit into his society's norms
d. remove the supernatural influence on everyday endeavors
Q:
An example of contagious magic as a part of American folk medicine is:a. a tea made of red flowers is good for bleedingb. drawings of deer on the side of a barn will bring success in huntingc. rub a penny on a wart and then throw the penny away to get rid of the wartd. none of the above
Q:
The doctrine of signatures tells us that:
a. plants have signs that proclaim their use
b. the future can be read in a person's signature
c. cures occur when a person touches the correct sign painted on a cave wall
d. certain hand gestures must be avoided or else the individual will fall ill
Q:
Image magic is an example of:
a. contagious magic
b. homeopathic magic
c. harmonious magic
d. representational magic
Q:
An example of homeopathic magic is:
a. praying for a god's blessing
b. Hopi villagers performing a kachina dance
c. imitating the mating and reproduction of an animal
d. reciting an evil spell over an enemy's hair clippings
Q:
The Law of Contact (Contagion) states that:
a. magic depends on the apparent association between things
b. things which are alike are the same
c. things that were once in contact continue to be connected
d. none of the above
Q:
Magic that is based upon the Law of Similarity is termed:
a. contagious magic
b. homeopathic magic
c. sympathetic magic
d. none of the above
Q:
The Law of Similarity states that:
a. magic depends on the apparent association between things
b. things that were once in contact continue to be connected
c. things that are alike are the same
d. none of the above
Q:
The Law of Sympathy was developed by:
a. Edward Tyler
b. Robert Marett
c. Branislaw Malinowski
d. James Frazer