Q&A Hero

Q: Magic ritual usually includes: a. a spell b. the manipulation of objects c. special conditions for the performer of the ritual d. all of the above

Q: Important features of magic are that magic: a. creates hypotheses and theories b. comes to testable conclusions c. deals only with empirical observations d. assumes a causal relationship between things that look similar

Q: mile Durkheim did not consider magic to be part of religion because: a. religion involves the whole community but magic focuses on an individual b. magic is not performed by religious specialists c. magic does not involve gods and spirits d. magic does not involve the performance of rituals

Q: Edward Tyler did not consider magic to be a part of religion because magic: a. did not involve the performance of rituals b. was not performed by religious specialists c. did not involve gods and spirits d. is used primarily to achieve evil ends

Q: Magic refers to rituals that people use to: a. control the supernatural b. call upon the deities for help c. move a person from one status to another d. explain a society's worldview

Q: Magic refers to the: a. belief in a generalized supernatural power b. belief in an ancestor that has been transformed into a god c. use of ritual to cause injury or death d. use of ritual to control events through supernatural mechanisms

Q: A deity might communicate to a community through a prophet.

Q: Okinawa is the only known society in which women lead a mainstream, official, publicly funded religion that is practiced by both sexes.

Q: Zuni society recognizes many different priesthoods.

Q: The training of a priest normally involves the memorization of vast amounts of ceremonial knowledge so as to be able to perform rituals correctly.

Q: A priest is more focused on individual problems such as a person's illness than on community-wide rituals.

Q: In contrast with traditional shamanism, neoshamanism focuses on the individual, often as a self-help means of improving one's life.

Q: Core shamanism is a concept that was developed by Carlos Castaneda.

Q: Shamans can only be found in small-scale societies.

Q: Pentecostal preachers resemble shamans in that they will enter altered states of consciousness to contact the supernatural, in this case God, as a part of a healing ritual.

Q: Shamans in Korea are usually women who have experienced some type of psychological stress in their lives.

Q: The revival of shamanism among the Yakut (Shkha) is, in part, a rejection of Christian elements introduced by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Q: Priests are usually associated with some sacred space, such as a temple or shrine.

Q: Periodic rituals associated with an agricultural cycle are usually performed by shamans.

Q: A shaman is more likely to have a direct experience with a supernatural being than is a priest.

Q: The ability to enter an altered state of consciousness is central to the role of shaman.

Q: The power of a shaman lies in her ability to successfully memorize religious texts and rituals.

Q: Shamans are frequently individuals who are driven to become shamans because of illness including mental illness.

Q: The term shaman is a term used for a kind of religious specialist; the term is derived from Latin.

Q: A _________ is a mouthpiece of the gods. a. diviner b. prophet c. herbalist d. priest

Q: Handsome Lake and Ngundeng were: a. diviners b. prophets c. herbalists d. priests

Q: Herbalists are: a. healers b. prophets c. diviners d. witches

Q: A specialist who uses techniques to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable is a: a. herbalist b. diviner c. healer d. priest

Q: Which of the following statements about Eastern Orthodox Priests is true? a. Monks are priests who live in isolated communities. b. Priests primarily perform social rites of intensification. c. Priests perform rites of passage, such as birth, baptism, marriage and death. d. All of the above are true.

Q: Okinawan priests are: a. always women from specific clans b. communicate with the ancestors and the kami c. practice divination and healing d. all of the above

Q: A complex series of priesthoods where political authority is vested in the priesthood characterizes the: a. Zuni b. Akimel O"odham c. Navaho d. Cahuilla

Q: All of the following are true about priests except: a. priests are associated with temples and shrines b. priestly offices are often inherited from father to son c. priests obtain supernatural power from a spirit familiar d. priests are responsible for the correct performance of rituals

Q: Religious specialists who are usually responsible for the performance of prescribed, periodic rituals are: a. shamans b. diviners c. priests d. healers

Q: A full-time religious specialist, who is associated with a formalized religious institution, is a: a. priest b. healer c. shaman d. diviner

Q: Neoshamanism differs from traditional shamanism as seen in small-scale societies in that neoshamanism: a. focuses on the individual with the goal of improving one's life b. is based on core shamanism, the universal aspects of shamanism c. deals with the positive aspects of shamanism d. all of the above

Q: A technique of body movements call tensegrity is associated with: a. Neoshamanism b. Akimel O"odham shamanism c. Korean shamanism d. Siberian shamanism

Q: Examples of practices that can be labeled shamanism that are found in today's American society are: a. Pentecostal healers b. Neoshamans c. clown doctors d. all of the above

Q: A Korean shaman may be asked to: a. guide the dead to the underworld b. locate game for hunters c. identify and remove layers of illness d. travel along the Axis Mundi to the underworld

Q: Kyta Baaly is a shaman from: a. Korea b. Shkha, Siberia c. Okinawa d. the American Southwest

Q: Among the Yakut (Shkha) of Siberia: a. although most people are Russian Orthodox, many continue to practice shamanism b. many Christian elements are found in modern shamanism c. new groups are forming around charismatic shamans d. all of the above

Q: Characteristic of Siberian Shamanism is the use of: a. hand held drums b. hallucinogenic snuff c. dancing d. self-inflicted pain

Q: Shamans are able to cure illness by: a. sending their souls to recapture the lost soul of the patient b. removing spirits and objects from within the body of the patient c. allowing a deity to possess their body d. all of the above

Q: Central to the role of a shaman is: a. conducting period rituals b. controlling spirit helpers and entering an altered state of consciousness c. conducting rituals to ensure a good harvest d. all of the above

Q: The term "wounded healers" is used to describe: a. shamans b. priests c. prophets d. herbalists

Q: Shamans: a. may receive a call from the spirits through an altered state of consciousness to become a shaman b. may become a shaman because of recovering from a illness c. are sometimes call "wounded healers" in that they are often driven to become shamans because of illness, accident, spirit possession, and so forth d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following features characterizes a shaman? a. shamans are usually full-time specialists b. shamans are usually associated with permanent shrines and temples c. the power of a shaman is determined by his or her personal ability to contact the supernatural d. shamanistic rituals are usually prescriptive and periodic

Q: The term shaman comes from the Tungus language of: a. Siberia b. the American Southwest c. West Africa d. Australia

Q: The development of full-time religious specialists is associated with: a. foraging societies b. small-scale horticultural societies c. large, technologically advanced societies d. all of the above

Q: The Holiness Churches use tobacco and alcohol as a sacrament to create contact with the Holy Ghost.

Q: Problems such as drug addiction frequently accompany religious drug use.

Q: In a unitary state one feels a disequilibrium and disconnection with the world.

Q: Entoptic phenomena are images of anthropomorphic animals.

Q: The goal of many religious altered states of consciousness is to achieve a unitary state.

Q: In some cultures certain biologically-based experiences, such as migraines, are interpreted as visions.

Q: The Mayan carvings from Yaxhiln show the ingestion of drugs to achieve a hallucination of a serpent.

Q: Both very loud rhythmic noise and the absence of sound are capable of creating an altered state of consciousness.

Q: Fasting leads to an alteration of the body chemistry which, in turn, leads to an altered state of consciousness.

Q: Characteristics of altered states of consciousness include disturbances in concentration, attention, memory, and judgment.

Q: Any mental state that is different from one's usual mental state, including day dreaming, is an altered state of consciousness.

Q: Marijuana is used in the religious practices of the: a. Holiness Church b. Rastafarians c. Yanomam d. Native American Church

Q: Rastafarians smoke ganga or the "wisdom weed." This is actually: a. tobacco b. marijuana c. material from a jungle vine d. none of the above

Q: Among the Yanomam, hallucinogenic snuff is taken by shamans in order to: a. divine the future b. locate the location of animals c. entice spirits into the body d. feed the gods

Q: Pain brought about by piercing the body, a practice found in many Native American groups, characterized the: a. Yanomam b. Blessing Way c. Sun Dance d. San healing ritual

Q: Dancing to heat up the energy known as n/um to enable healing characterized the: a. Yanomam b. Blessing Way c. Sun Dance d. San healing ritual

Q: In the Holiness Church, an altered state of consciousness is interpreted as a physical manifestation of: a. demonic possession b. possession by the Holy Ghost c. the need for salvation d. being chosen for an afterlife with God

Q: In the Holiness Church, an altered state of consciousness is brought about by: a. music and dance b. the drinking of poison c. drumming d. the use of peyote

Q: In the Holiness Church the observed altered state of consciousness is most similar to which of the following behaviors found in tribal cultures: a. spirit possession b. divination c. healing d. shamanism

Q: The Holiness Church is separated from most other Christian sects by: a. the handling of poisonous snakes b. the drinking of poisoned beverage c. speaking in tongues d. all of the above

Q: Features that characterize an altered state of consciousness in the Holiness Church include: a. energetic dancing for long periods of time b. speaking in tongues c. jerking of the body and trancelike states d. all of the above

Q: In the Huichol ritual an altered state of consciousness is mainly brought about by: a. eating the peyote cactus b. meditation c. fasting d. drumming

Q: Peyote is used in rituals of: a. the Holiness Church b. the Native American Church c. Vodou d. San

Q: A drug that causes visions and hallucinations is classed as a(n): a. euphoria b. phantastica c. hypnotica d. excitania

Q: David Lewis-Williams suggests that Upper Paleolithic cave paintings are: a. decorations b. a form of imitative magic designed for successful hunting c. representations of altered states of consciousness d. a part of coming-of-age rituals

Q: The feeling of being at one with the universe or supernatural beings is called a(n): a. nirvana b. sympathetic state c. unitary state d. entoptic phenomena

Q: Therianthropes are: a. images of transformed shamans b. guardian spirits c. diviners d. a class of gods

Q: Neurologist Oliver Sachs believes that the visions described by Hildegard of Bingen are likely to be associated with: a. fasting b. use of hallucinogenic drugs c. migraines d. self-inflicted pain

Q: The part of the brain that enables us to distinguish our selves from the world around us is the: a. cerebellum b. orientation association structure c. Broca's area d. frontal lobe

Q: Hildegard of Bingen, who lived in the twelfth century, is known for her: a. descriptions of her mystical experiences b. paintings of the saints c. medicines and medical practices d. high political position

Q: Which of the following statements about religious use of pain is false: a. Religious pain is often shared pain. b. The pain may cause the person to enter an altered state of consciousness. c. Pain may induce an euphoric state. d. Religious pain often isolates the individual from the social group.

Q: Self-inflicted pain leading to a sacrifice of blood characterizes the ritual of the: a. Huichol b. Maya c. Yoruba d. Nuer