Q&A Hero

Q: Over the past 5,000 years, political units have a. grown steadily smaller in size. b. grown steadily larger in size and fewer in number. c. eliminated multinational corporations. d. promoted individual freedoms. e. eliminated slavery.

Q: Many people see the worldwide spread of fast food giants as a sign of a. excellent economic growth in third-world countries. b. a coming epidemic of worldwide obesity. c. homogeneous global culture. d. a growth in cultural misunderstandings. e. worldwide cheap food availability.

Q: Which of the following statements best describes changes during the past five centuries? a. This period has been marked by the reduction of human diversity to a single species. b. During this time, humans have first faced cultural change and diversity. c. This has been a period of radical culture change. d. Humans have migrated from African into Europe during this period. e. Humans have evolved during this time into bipedal walkers.

Q: What is the impact of globalization on processes of change?

Q: Why has it been suggested that it would be impossible for most peoples of the world to achieve something resembling a middle-class standard of living comparable to that of many people in the Western world in the near future?

Q: Discuss the process of modernization and its effect on societies. Be specific.

Q: How has revolution marked our world today? Consider some of the best-known examples of revolution and the impact each has had on the global world today.

Q: Armed uprising is evident throughout our world today. Choose two conflicts currently occurring, describe them, and then argue whether they are a revolution or rebellion.

Q: Cargo cults are sometimes seen as a somewhat isolated phenomenon that occurred in Melanesia following WWI. However, there are particular circumstances that caused these to emerge. What types of structural stress contributed to the development of this cultural phenomenon? Could you imagine something like this occurring in the U.S. today? Why or why not?

Q: Reactions of indigenous peoples to changes forced upon them vary considerably. Describe how various groups have reacted to forced change.

Q: Besides the criminal act that it represents, why is ethnocide a deep concern for anthropologists and the worldwide community?

Q: In what ways can the rising tide of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East and other areas of the world be seen as revitalization movements? Are there other terms from the chapter that could apply to this phenomenon? What might anthropologists contribute to our understanding of such movements?

Q: Discuss the types and causes of repressive change.

Q: What is cultural loss? What role has cultural loss played between your generation and that of your parents and grandparents? Provide examples and discuss.

Q: Discuss and evaluate each of the mechanisms involved in cultural change.

Q: Choose a major form of primary innovation (such as a wheel or steam engine) and trace secondary innovations that evolved from it. What does this reveal about human creativity and tool-making?

Q: In what ways is "progress" a relative concept for anthropologists?

Q: How are cultures an adaptive system? Explain this concept.

Q: Name three consequences of globalization in the "underdeveloped" world.

Q: Describe the work of Michael Horowitz and the importance of applied anthropology in development projects today.

Q: Discuss the importance that anthropology has in the search for the emergence of new diseases.

Q: Using the Smi as an example, explain how indigenous peoples have made accommodation to some forms of modernization.

Q: What are the five subprocesses of modernization, according to your textbook? Name and describe each.

Q: What are the major causes and consequences of revolution?

Q: Distinguish between a revolution and a rebellion or insurgency.

Q: Describe how Bolivia's Qullasuyu movement conforms to the typology of revitalization movements.

Q: Under what circumstances would you expect a cargo cult to emerge?

Q: What role does tradition play in accommodation and assimilation?

Q: What are some possible reactions to repressive change?

Q: Discuss why applied anthropology arose as a subdiscipline of anthropology.

Q: Define syncretism, using as an example the Trobrianders' use of British cricket.

Q: How does the metric system represent diffusion?

Q: What are the various results that can occur with acculturation?

Q: What aspects of American Indian culture diffused to Euro-American society? Use maize as a primary example.

Q: Use the example of the wheel in the Middle East to explain the significance of cultural loss.

Q: Who is Eric Wolf, and what were some of his major contributions to anthropology?

Q: Distinguish between a primary and secondary innovation. Give examples.

Q: In what ways is "progress" a relative concept, especially for indigenous societies?

Q: Carol Jenkins' work in Papua New Guinea suggests that modernization may help eradicate most diseases.

Q: The only problem with Horowitz's Senegal River Basin Monitoring Activity (SRBMA) model is that it is only applicable to the Senegal River Basin.

Q: To achieve self-determination, the Shuar abandoned their cooperative lifestyle and acquired individual titles to land.

Q: With the process of modernization, literacy and social mobility increase.

Q: All modernizing societies undergo, in a fixed sequence, the stages of technological development, agricultural development, industrialization, and urbanization.

Q: In China today, there is a shortage of women as marriage partners because of the one-child policy.

Q: A revitalization movement that attempts to overthrow an existing social structure with its accompanying ideology is called revolutionary.

Q: In Bolivia, the revitalization movement Qullasuyu promises material riches to indigenous Andean farmers.

Q: Cargo cults occur primarily during moments of high social stress.

Q: Applied anthropology began in the 1960s as a way of improving life in developing countries.

Q: Cultural absorption of an ethnic minority is called accommodation.

Q: Brazil's indigenous peoples have shown that they are unable to resist and adapt to demands imposed upon them from outside.

Q: A typical policy associated with ethnocide is to outlaw a cultural group's language.

Q: Diffusion is typically forced onto cultures.

Q: Paper, the compass, and gunpowder were all initially invented in Europe.

Q: Maize originated in Mexico. Today, more maize is grown each year worldwide than any other grain.

Q: Diffusion can occur without acculturation.

Q: Progress is a term that is often used by anthropologists who are involved in applied research working to improve the lives of indigenous peoples.

Q: Eric Wolf helped expose counterinsurgency use of anthropological research in Southeast Asia.

Q: All cultures are capable of adapting to changing conditions.

Q: More than 30 diseases new to human medicine have emerged in the past three decades. Researchers like Carol Jenkins, who worked in Papua New Guinea, believe that many of these emerged as a result of environmental destruction. Which of the following is not one of these "new" diseases? a. Tuberculosis b. Legionnaire's disease c. Lyme disease d. HIV/AIDS e. Dengue fever

Q: _____founded the Institute for Development Anthropology and has made pioneering contributions to applied anthropology. a. Eric Wolf b. Michael Horowitz c. Carol Jenkins d. John Ury e. Tim Ingold

Q: Whose work on river management and resettlement policies in West Africa has opened the ability of applied anthropologists to contribute to decision-making regarding international development projects? a. Carol Jenkins b. Margaret Mead c. Darrell Posey d. Rich Markins e. Michael Horowitz

Q: The burden of modernization in developing countries falls mostly on a. non-governmental agencies. b. men. c. women. d. entrepreneurs. e. foreign governments.

Q: The most present threat to the Shuar people in the 1960s that precipitated cultural changes was a. disease. b. imminent land loss. c. gold mining. d. drop in corn prices. e. beginning of oil drilling on their lands.

Q: Which strategy did the Jivaroan-speaking Shuar of Ecuador notuse to preserve their culture? a. They adopted Christianity b. They turned large tracts of woodland into pasture for cattle c. They organized a corporate body that held land in common d. They required their schools to use the Shuar language e. They sought legal title to their indigenous lands

Q: Major changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because a. men switched from reindeer herding to other sources of income. b. the number of reindeer declined because of climate change. c. snowmobiles were introduced to herd reindeer. d. society became hierarchical instead of egalitarian. e. women began to go to the university and get jobs outside the home.

Q: The development of a bureaucracy, expansion of educational opportunities, reduction in the spheres of social behavior in which religion and kinship play a role, and achievement replacing ascription as the basis for defining roles are all associated with a. modernization. b. revitalization. c. acculturation. d. revolution. e. syncretism.

Q: About 5,000 years ago, which of the following began occurring? a. Cargo cults b. Revolutions c. Religion d. Diffusion e. Modernization

Q: As modernization occurs, all of the following changes are likely to follow except: a. increase in literacy. b. decrease in the role of religion. c. kinship plays a less significant role. d. movement from commercial farming to subsistence production. e. social mobility increases.

Q: The term "modernization" a. is a relativistic rather than ethnocentric concept. b. refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies. c. refers to a global and all-encompassing process whereby modern cities development new types of subsistence. d. can be used to show that all societies go through the same stages of evolutionary development, culminating in the urban-industrial state. e. is not used by anthropologists.

Q: An organized armed resistance or violent uprising to an established government or authority is called a(n) a. coup. b. revolution. c. insurgency. d. mutiny. e. insurrection.

Q: Which of the following is a primary difference between an insurgency and a revolution? a. Revolutions involve large-scale violence, while many insurgencies are peaceful b. Revolutions occur when there is an outside invasion, and insurgencies are internal events c. Insurgencies have limited objectives, while revolutionary movements are broader d. Revolutions are successful insurgency movements e. Insurgencies do not have single leaders; revolutions have charismatic leaders

Q: Which of the following is not a phase typically associated with revitalization movements? a. Normal state in which stress is low and the culture satisfies basic needs b. Normal means of satisfying basic needs no longer functions c. Emergence of a prophet or leader to guide a following d. Mass emigration of the followers to other nations in order to spread the religion e. State of cultural upheaval leading to domination and exploitation by outside force

Q: Which of the following is not a goal of the contemporary Qullasuyu revitalization movement in Bolivia? a. Protecting indigenous cultural sites b. Restoring indigenous customs c. Overthrowing the national Bolivian government d. Reclaiming pre-colonial sacred rituals e. Recognizing the continuity among humans, animals, and plants

Q: All of the following statements about cargo cults are correct except: a. the cult promised resurrection of dead ancestors. b. cargo cult believers tended to be rich natives and colonizers. c. many cargo cults occurred in Melanesia. d. the cult was based on the premise that Western riches would come to the natives. e. cargo cult doctrine said that the rich white man would magically disappear through natural catastrophe.

Q: A spiritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism is also called a(n) a. material cult. b. syncretic movement. c. modernization movement. d. cargo cult. e. animate.

Q: In the 1960s, the children of many middle- and upper-class families, trying to come to terms with the disparity between the ideologies expressed by their parents (e.g., the importance of peace, equality, and individual freedom) and the reality of war, poverty, and individual constraints, tried to establish a more satisfying way of life. Many ran away from home to live in communes where they tried to abolish individual property and fulfill ideals of universal love. This is an example of a. revitalization. b. modernization. c. diffusion. d. innovation. e. syncretism.

Q: Traditions play an important role in all aspects of cultural change; however, among those listed below, they are most significant in a. diffusion. b. syncretism. c. accommodation. d. assimilation. e. modernization.

Q: What is the adaptation process by which a people resist assimilation by modifying traditional culture in order to preserve their ethnic identity? a. Acculturation b. Syncretism c. Diffusion d. Accommodation e. Modernization

Q: The British introduced cricket to "civilize" the Trobriand Islanders. What happened? a. The Trobrianders were so upset at losing their traditional customs that they rebelled against the British rulers. b. The Trobrianders gave up competitive sport altogether. c. The Trobrianders accepted the game and played it the way the British played it. d. The Trobrianders changed the game so that it became more like the traditional Trobriand contest involving display of prestige. e. The Trobrianders preferred baseball to cricket.

Q: In acculturation, subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture, creating a blend of old and new. A reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called a. innovation. b. syncretism. c. assimilation. d. acculturation. e. modernization.